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Camping Out

image8I had managed to side-step building codes by constructing not a building, but a "travel trailer.” With that stumbling block out of the way, I still faced a zoning problem. I want­ed to live in town, and, like most towns, Iowa City does not allow trailer camping just anywhere. You cannot just buy an old lot and park there indefinitely. The restric­tions do, however, allow for "camping out” in one’s own backyard.

Upon discovering this, I snatched up a small fixer-upper on a large wooded par­cel and proceeded to set up camp. The rent collected from the big house covered the ensuing mortgage and taxes. I would "camp out” in my own backyard for the next five years before selling the property and heading West.

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Federal Requirements Protecting Air Quality and Noise

Clean Air Act (42 USC §7401-7626). The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act (CAA) provided a comprehensive approach to regulating the nation’s air quality. The CAA addressed both mobile and stationary air pollution sources and required the EPA to set and enforce national ambient air quality standards (NAAQSs). The CAA has been amended several times since 1970. Amendments to the CAA that were adopted in 1990 were particularly extensive and included provisions for stricter mobile source emissions, as well as restrictions on emissions linked to stationary sources including hazardous or toxic pollutants.

EPA has overall authority for the implementation of CAA requirements. Pursuant to the CAA, EPA established primary and secondary NAAQSs for six pollutants: ozone, carbon

TABLE 1...

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Brief History of Engineering Reliability Analysis

Development of engineering reliability analysis started with the desire for prod­uct quality control in manufacturing engineering three-quarters of a century ago (Shewart, 1931). World War II considerably accelerated its advancement. During the war, over 60 percent of airborne equipment shipped to the Far East arrived damaged. About half the spares and equipment in storage became un­serviceable before use. Mean service time before requiring repair or replace­ment for bomber electronics was less than 20 hours. The cost of repair and maintenance exceeded 10 times the original cost of procurement. About two – thirds of radio vacuum tubes in communications devices failed. In response to the high failure rates and damage to military airborne and electronic equip­ment, the U. S...

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The Indus and the Harappa civilization Bactria and the Margiana, on the banks of the Oxus

It is somewhat frustrating to write of the great civilization of the Indus Valley. Its ori­gins, near the beginning of the IIIrd millennium BC, are unknown; and the reasons for its demise, a thousand years later, hardly less so. What is known results from archaeo­logical digs at the two large sites of the twin cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The civ­ilization is thought to be the country called Meluha. The towns of the Indus civilization are built on terraces raised above the flood level, their perimeters protected from erosion by brick structures. One of the most notable aspects of these towns is, as we will see later, the large number of wells and the integrated water use in the housing, including wastewater drainage. The writing of the Indus civilization has not yet been deciphered...

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Framing Terms (continued)

 

Roof sheathing

 

Blocking Roof truss

Double plate

 

Top plate

 

Studs

 

Subfloor sheathing (decking) Bottom plate

 

Rim joist (ribbon)

 

Double plate

 

Floor joist

 

Top plate

 

Stud

  Framing Terms (continued)

Bottom plate

 

Framing Terms (continued)

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Cat’s paws and flat bars

These prying tools really come in handy dur­ing new construction and remodeling work. Your hammer’s claw will generally work fine for removing exposed nails. When a nail is buried, though, a cat’s paw is the tool to use. With a couple of hammer blows, you can sink the cat’s paw into a board, grab the head of a nail, and lever it above the surface. From there, your ham­mer takes over to completely remove the nail.

A flat bar can also be used to pull nails, or it can be used as a prybar. In new construction, I often use a flat bar to separate boards that have been temporarily nailed together and to slip aluminum or vinyl trim under a drip edge (see the photo at right).

Cat’s paws and flat bars

Cat’s paws and flat bars

A flat bar has many uses...

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Utilities

Like the rest of the house, utilities and appliances were designed with sim­plicity and sustainability in mind. They met my modest needs but would be considered primitive by conventional American standards. These rudimen­tary utilities certainly would not appeal to everyone interested in living in a small home, and it should be made clear that living small does not require deprivation. Hot and cold running water, a microwave oven, and cable TV are all available options.

Water: Tumbleweed was supplied by a simple, gravity-fed plumbing system. A two-and-a-half-gallon pot sat on a metal shelf just above a horizontal sec­tion of stovepipe in the overhead kitchen cabinet and drained into either the kitchen sink or shower through a Y intersection in a short stretch of rubber hose...

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Insects: Hungry for a Home

If you’d like to buy a house, make your offer contingent on a licensed pest – control inspector’s report. You probably won’t see insects, but you might see any of these signs:

► Sandy brown tubes, in. in diameter, that run up a foundation wall and wood burrows that run parallel with the grain indicate the presence of subterranean termites.

► Pellets outside insect entry holes and burrowing in all directions of wood grain, with no tubes on the foundation, indicate non-subterranean termites.

► Holes that may range from pin size to BB size and light-colored powdery debris indicate powderpost beetles.

Подпись: Cracks range from cosmetic surface lines that you can ignore to larger, deeper fissures caused by water pressure, soil movement, foundation failure, or a combination of those causes. In general, a serious crack is any gap that runs through the foundation or is at least 14 in. wide, combined with foundation rotation. Have a structural engineer assess the cause. Vertical cracks through a foundation that are wider at the top may be caused by differential settlement. For example, a corner of the house may be sinking because of drainage problems or a second-story addition that's too heavy for the original foundation. Horizontal cracks through the foundation wall, just below ground level, may be caused by adfreezing, in which damp soil freezes to the top of a foundation and lifts it. This condition most often occurs in unheated buildings. The foundation's bowing-in along horizontal cracks is extremely serious; it's caused by soil movement and strong hydrostatic pressure. Given the magnitude of the problem, the engineered solution will be very expensive. Older foundations of unreinforced concrete or brick may be adequate beneath single-story houses on flat lots. But long term, you should plan to replace them. Unreinforced foundations are often poor quality (crumbling) and may have cracks that go all the way through the concrete. Wood structure is most often damaged from sustained moisture below grade, insect damage, settling of the foundation, or unwise sawcuts into the structure during earlier remodeling. Use your pocketknife to examine the perimeter of the mudsill—and the studs atop it—for rot or insect damage. To prevent recurrence of rot, replace damaged sections with treated lumber, install drainage systems, and slope soil away from the house. If you encounter sagging girders or joists, posts supporting them will likely have sunk. In Подпись: Any crack that runs through a foundation is serious. Coarse sawdust beneath damp wood with galleries excavated parallel with the wood grain indicates carpenter ants. Simply spraying carpenter ant nests usually does the trick.

Insects: Hungry for a Home
Подпись: Knob-and-tube wiring is outdated but often serviceable.image53

this case, upsize ...

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Essential Hand Tools

The fundamental tasks of carpentry are mea­suring, marking, cutting, and joining. And though circular saws and power drill-drivers have largely replaced handsaws, braces, and screwdrivers, many carpentry tasks can still be done with hand tools (see the photo above). Like power tools, many hand tools have improved over the years.

Подпись: A measuring tape is simply a long ruler in a convenient, easy-to-use package. Just like a ruler, a tape is laid out in feet, inches, and fractions of inches. Knowing how to read a tape quickly and accurately is an essential skill for anyone involved in the building trades. The key to being able to read a tape is learn-ing and understanding all the subdivisions of an inch (see the illustration at right). Each inch is divided into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths. Once you can discern the meaning of all these little marks, you'll have no problem measuring 13 ft., 93/i6 in., or any other odd di-mension. Study the drawing and your own tape until you can rattle off accurate readings at a glance. In addition to feet and inches, a tape also has special marks at 16 in., 32 in., and so on to indicate the layout of most floor joists and wall studs. Some tapes also have decimal equiva-lents and a metric conversion scale on the back. Подпись: READING A TAPE MEASURE
Essential Hand Tools
Подпись: It's important to know at a glance what the different marks on a tape measure mean. Practice using a tape so your measurements will be accurate.

READING A TAPE MEASURE

Essential Hand ToolsTape measures

Just as I sometimes enjoy writing letters on my old manual typewriter, it’s also fun to measure with my old 6-ft. wooden folding rule. Flexible steel tapes have replaced old-fashioned wooden rules, because they’re more compact and capable of measuring much longer distances quickly and accurately. Steel tapes come in many sizes and lengths, but the most common are 16-ft., 25-ft., and 30-ft. models...

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About Timber Framing

A Little Background

T

HE BEGINNINGS OF QUALITY TIMBER FRAMING ARE LOST IN PRE-HISTORY, but a reasonable surmise is that simple frames could have been made by supporting beams on columns which had a natural fork at the top, the kind of thing that we boys of the 1950s saw in Boy Scout manuals or Straight Arrow cards stuffed as premiums in Shredded Wheat boxes. (Gee, I wish I still had those!) Once a horizontal timber is supported by the verticals, considerations such as stability and strength enter the equation. Early builders would have recognized the inherent strength of the triangle. The value of the pitched roof would have been recognized soon thereafter, and timber-frame structures were off and running...

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