Articles about the repair, construction, interior design and landscaping, plumbing, electrical, waterproof wire, wire gas, building materials, construction machinery and equipment ...
Articles about the repair, construction, interior design and landscaping, plumbing, electrical, waterproof wire, wire gas, building materials, construction machinery and equipment ...
Articles about the repair, construction, interior design and landscaping, plumbing, electrical, waterproof wire, wire gas, building materials, construction machinery and equipment ...
Articles about the repair, construction, interior design and landscaping, plumbing, electrical, waterproof wire, wire gas, building materials, construction machinery and equipment ...
Weatherstripping beneath exterior doors must be weather tight and durable, this because of the heavy traffic it must bear in normal use.
Elements that attach to door bottoms are called shoes or sweeps; those that attach to the floor,
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thresholds...
read moreSteel bars are placed in footings and stem walls to reinforce the concrete. In situations where the ground is higher than the floor level, such as in a basement or behind a retaining wall, steel reinforcing is also present, often at horizontal and vertical intervals of 12 inches or less.
If an owner wishes to eliminate large amounts of conductive metal from structures, it is possible to use fiberglass reinforcing bars. These rebars were originally designed for bridge construction because they do not rust, corrode, or dissolve from galvanic action. Because fiberglass rebar cannot be bent onsite and must be preordered, you should plan well in advance if you wish to use this product. It can be ordered through Tillco or V-rod...
read moreMetal throughout a structure can contribute to electropollution (see Division 16). Placing a mesh of welded wire fabric within a concrete slab to help prevent cracking is common, but this practice can distribute unwanted voltage throughout the home. Several types of
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the modern applications of a magnesium oxide – based cement. According to a paper by Argonne (anl. gov, search for "Grancrete"), Grancrete is "a tough new ceramic material that is almost twice as strong as concrete [and] may be the key to providing high-quality, low-cost housing throughout developing nations."
The Bindan Company in Chicago (bindancorp. com) makes twelve different products with magnesium oxide...
read moresquare corners or nonparallel walls. The lines you snap define the inside edge of the exterior walls. For 2×4 walls, measure 3V2 in. in from the deck edge (slightly more or less if you need to get the walls square and parallel). If the walls will be framed with 2 x6s, use a 51/2-in. measurement. Instead of measuring this distance, you can simply lay a scrap 2x 4 (or 2x 6) on the deck and mark against its inside edge.
Mark all the exterior corners to establish the layout marks for snapping the exterior wall lines around the perimeter of the f...
I’ve done plenty of house layouts on my own, but it’s better to tackle this job with a helper or two. The work goes faster when you have someone else to hold the other end of the tape or chalkline. More important, your chances of catching mistakes improve significantly.
A building plan is a guide, just like a road map. There are symbols and measurements to tell you what to do (see the illustration on the facing page). You don’t have to visualize every detail on a road map to get from Texas to Maine. Neither do you have to visualize every detail on a plan to be able to build a house. You just have to know how to read the plan, then take it one step at a time.
The most common plan scale uses 1/4 in. to equal 1 ft., so 1 in. on a plan equals 4 ft. on a subfloor...
read moreThe resilient modulus is a measure of the ability of a soil or granular base to resist permanent deformation under repeated loading. Many soils are stress-dependent. As the stress level increases, these soils will behave in a nonlinear fashion. Fine-grain soils tend to be stress-softening, whereas granular soils tend to be stress-hardening. Laboratory procedures for determining resilient modulus have been published by AASHTO as test method T307, or NCHRP as test method 1-38A. A typical setup for the laboratory test is shown in Fig. 3.9. The stress due to the repeated load applied through the load actuator is the deviator stress and is intended to duplicate the effect of loads passing over a section of pavement...
read moreAs you are drawing your riser diagrams, you should keep in mind the fittings that will be used for changes in direction. There are three ways to change direction. Your pipe can go from horizontal to vertical, from vertical to horizontal, or from horizontal to horizontal. The fittings used in a drainage system to make these changes are regulated by the rules of the local plumbing code. As a rule-of-thumb, you can refer to Figure 4.25 for the common use and acceptance of fittings when changing directions. Again, always confirm local code requirements before committing to a job.
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Type of fitting |
Horizontal to vertical |
Vertical to horizontal |
Horizontal to horizontal |
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Sixteenth bend |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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Eighth bend |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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Sixth bend |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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Quarter... |
The normal distribution has been playing an important role in the development of statistical theories. This subsection briefly describes two distributions related to the functions of normal random variables.
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X2 (chi-square) distribution. The sum of the squares of K independent standard normal random variables results in a x2 (chi-square) random variable with K degrees of freedom, denoted as x2- In other words,
E z2 ~ xK (2-101)
k=і
in which the Zks are independent standard normal random variables. The PDF of a x 2 random variable with K degrees of freedom is
f x2(* I K) = 2k/2r1 K/2)x(K/2-1)e-x/2 for x > 0 (2.102)
Comparing Eq. (2.102) with Eq. (2...
read moreRarely does the actual traffic loading to failure equal the predicted traffic loading; the difference is due to the deviations that exist. These deviations include (1) lack of fit of the AASHTO design equations, since these are empirical equations; (2) variations in construction, which cause variations in the equation input factors such as the strength and thickness of pavement layers; and (3) variations in the predicted traffic (see App. EE of Vol. 2 of the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, August 1986 edition). The AASHTO equations account for these variations by multiplying the predicted traffic by a safety factor. The safety factor is determined by the reliability desired and
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TABLE 3.5 Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible Pavements, Tandem Axles, and pt of 2.5 |
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NOTE
INSULATION IS NOT cONTINUOUS SO This DETAIL NOT REcOMMENDED FOR EXTREME OJMATES UNLESS wALLS ARE SUpERINSULATED.
SEE 121B
FLOOR INSULATION AT FOUNDATION
Heated Basement/Joist Flush with Mudsill
FLOOR INSULATION AT FOUNDATION
Heated Basement/Joists Flush with Mudsill
