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Openings

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

Wood Doors

Standard Manufactured Doors

Wood doors, both solid and paneled, are typi­cally treated with biocides and manufactured with toxic glues. Paneled wood doors use less glue than solid veneered doors and will there­fore outgas less. The face veneer used on flush wood doors is luan, a mahogany commonly imported from the Philippines or Thailand, where it is obtained using forestry practices that damage the environment. Interior fire­rated doors and hollow-core doors often contain a particleboard center that will con­tinuously outgas formaldehyde fumes. Stan­dard manufactured doors should be sealed to lock in harmful vapors. We recommended the following specifications when using standard manufactured doors: [12] [13]

• For a painted finish, prime all six sides with one of the prime...

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CONCEPTS AND BENEFITS OF ROADSIDE SAFETY

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

The roadside is defined as that area beyond the traveled way and shoulder. Thus, road­side safety is concerned with treatments that minimize the likelihood of serious injuries when a vehicle runs off the roadway.

Roadside safety design has received particular emphasis since the 1960s. The increased awareness of its importance and the development of improved safety concepts and devices have contributed significantly to improved safety. As shown in Fig. 6.1, the traffic fatality rate expressed in terms of driven distance has declined to one-third of that in the mid-1960s. Many factors have contributed to the declining rate, including safer vehicles (occupant restraints, door beams, crash energy management, etc...

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The Roman aqueducts in Gaul

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

The growth and prosperity of the period of peace between 97 and 180 AD directly ben­efits the Roman provinces. All Gallo-Roman cities of importance benefit from one or several aqueducts during this period, under the reigns of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius, and Marcus Aurelius, then until 235 AD under Severus. Aix-en-Provence and Lyon have four aqueducts; later on we will examine those of Lyon in detail. At Vienne, where the sources are very near,[232] we know of eleven aqueducts; at Poitiers (Lemonum) and Perigueux (Vesone), three. Some of these aqueducts are quite simple in design, with a very regular slope, as at Perigueux and Rodez...

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The aqueducts of the city of Rome at the end of the 1st century AD

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

The accession of Nero to supreme power marked the beginning of a somber period for Rome.[228] Civil war followed his assassination in 68 AD, then came the too-short reigns of Vespasianus and Titus. After a promising start, Domitian becomes morbidly suspi­cious, and sheds the blood of those near to him and his collaborators only to end up being assassinated himself in 96 AD. Then Nerva, an old senator, is chosen as the new emper­or in a climate of restoration of the old Roman virtues. We have noted earlier that the Romans placed high symbolic value on water; among the early preoccupations of the new emperor is the restoration of water distribution in the city...

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Miscellaneous Wall Framing Layout

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

Each building has unique characteristics that require special attention. Hold-downs, shear walls, blocking, backing, special stud heights, and posts are some of the more common miscellaneous framing items. The framing language for these framing items is not well-defined because the operations frequently change and the same ones are not always used. The Miscellaneous Layout

Language Chart on the next page gives you an idea of how these framing tasks can be communicated.

Hold-Downs

Hold-downs are probably the most difficult to mark correctly. They vary from location to location and require different studs or posts for connecting.

Vv

Top plate tacked to bottom plate hanging over edge of concrete for layout

■2 * 10 BV 361/2 X

■2 * 10 BV 361/2 X

Offset backer

Crayon marked

There ...

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EXAMPLES FROM THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

Many of the demonstration projects used trusses and several used the simplified trim details described above. However, several projects also used vaulted ceiling rafter framing to provide more open space in relatively small homes. In some houses the vaulted ceilings provided lofts and expandable space.

Lincoln, Nebraska

Karl Witt used vaulted ceilings with clerestory windows in the living area of his homes. This provided a degree of passive solar heating and natural lighting.

Everett, Washington

Vaulted ceilings with clerestory windows and open soffit overhangs were used in Everett.

Mesa County, Colorado

Instead of the more typical 1/2-inch plywood roof sheathing, Roger Ladd used 3/8-inch plywood with metal plyclips.

An excellent opportunity exists to reduce c...

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Sloped Roofing Materials

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

Asphalt-based rolled roofing and shingles will outgas when heated by the sun and should be avoided. Clay tile, concrete tile, metal, and slate are all inert, long-lasting slope roof solutions. Wood shingles can be a good roofing material where fire danger is low and humidity is mod­erate and if rot resistant woods such as cedar are used. Zinc or copper strip applied at the ridge will wash wood shingles with preserva­tives every time it rains. Availability of roofing materials varies from region to region.

Roofing Underlayments

In many cases, roofers will want to install an asphalt-based felt paper over the roof sheath­ing. Several non-asphaltic-based underlay – ments are now available to choose from:

• RoofShield: High permeability three – layer spun bond polypropylene underlay – ment

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Evolution of aqueduct techniques

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

The Cretan, Greek, and later the Hellenistic aqueducts primarily use terra-cotta pipes. The Romans, following the Etruscan heritage, build their aqueducts as masonry canals, usual­ly rectangular in section, and covered over by a vault or stone slabs. The aqueducts are fit­ted with openings at regular intervals (from tens to hundreds of meters apart) to facilitate inspection and maintenance. We have seen earlier that the Aqua Appia, the first Roman aqueduct built in 312 BC, is nearly entirely underground. This practice is surely inherited from the Etruscan techniques, but also has a military dimension, since Italy is still far from being pacified at this time – this is only eleven years after the death of Alexander.

The Romans stay with this concept throughout the long period of aqueduct ...

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Sequential Extraction Methods

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

Selective extraction can be considered as an “operational speciation” as it corre­sponds to the quantification of elements bound to specific phases of the soil, rather

LEACHING TESTS FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS

pH Domain 4-5

pH 5-6

Material Dictated

Complexation

Low L/S

TCLP

Swiss TVA

DIN 38414 S4

MBLP (Synth)

MBLP

EPtox

NFX-31-210

(California WET

EN 12457-3 (at

test)

L/S =2 & 10)

Availability test

O-norm S2072

Wisconsin SLT

(NEN 7341) California WET

EN 12457

Ontario LEP

Canada EE MCC-3C

Quebec QRsQ

ASTM D 3987

Soil HAc

Soil – NaNO3 Soil – CaCl2

Table 7.1 Examples of leaching (and speciation) tests from around the world (adapted from van der Sloot et al. (1997) and from Hill (2004))

Single...

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POCKET DOORS, BYPASS DOORS & BIFOLD DOORS

Posted by on 19/ 11/ 15

POCKET DOORS, BYPASS DOORS & BIFOLD DOORSPOCKET DOORS, BYPASS DOORS & BIFOLD DOORS

TRADITIONAL WOOD SILL WITH DRIP SLOPES AT 10° & REQUIRES THAT TOP OF RIM JOIST & COMMON JOISTS BE SHAVED OFF FOR INSTALLATION. SILL EXTENDS TO OUTSIDE EDGES OF DOOR CASINGS.

EXTRUDED SILLS OF ALUMINUM OR POLYCARBONATE ARE THE MOST COMMON FOR ALL MODERN DOORS. THE THRESHOLD IS INTEGRAL. THE SILL MUST BE SUPPORTED AT OuTER Edge. ExTRuDED SILLS May ALSO Be USED IN Slab-On-Grade cONSTRUcTION.

POCKET DOORS, BYPASS DOORS & BIFOLD DOORSПодпись: SOLE PLATEПодпись: PLASTIc OR METAL PAN FITS IN DOOR ROUGH OPENING (USE NO FASTENERS THROUGH PAN).POCKET DOORS, BYPASS DOORS & BIFOLD DOORS

FLATTENED WOOD SILL SLOPES AT 7° & IS INSTALLED ON TOP OF JOIST SYSTEM. OUTSIDE EDGE IS FLUSH WITH JAMB (SHOWN) OR CASING.

NOTES

ADJUST PROFILE OF SILLS FOR OUTSWINGING DOORS.

WEATHERSTRIP BOTTOM OF DOOR.

WOOD SILLS ARE NOT COMPATIBLE WITH SLAB SUBFLOORS.

EXTRUDED SILLS

INTERIOR Flange cOORDINATES wiTH SILL & FINISH FLOOR.

BOTTOM FLANGE OF PAN LAPS SHEATHING & DOOR wRAP.

NOTE MOISTURE BARRIER (NOT SHO...

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