Blog Archives

Obstacles

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

Roadside obstacles include nontraversable terrain and fixed objects, either constructed (such as culvert headwalls or structural supports) or natural (such as trees). Such obstacles account for over 30 percent of highway fatalities. The need for a barrier depends on both the nature of the obstacle and the probability that it will be hit. Table 6.1 lists the major types of obstacles and considerations for barrier warrants. Refer to the clear zone chart (Fig. 6.2) as a guide in determining whether the location of an obstacle constitutes a significant threat.

Obstacles FIGURE 6.12 (Continued)

Making Sense of Flexible Metal Cable

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

There are two main types of flexible metal cable, armor clad and metal clad. Outside, they look about the same. (For a comparison, see the photo on p. 238.) The main difference is that MC cable contains an insulated ground wire so it can ground equipment and tools with a three-prong plug. MC cable assemblies should be used in exposed dry locations, such as garages and basements. PVC-jacketed MC cable can be used outdoors, but it is so expensive that it is rarely used in residences. Note:

Exposed doesn’t mean "exposed to the elements." Here it means visible and accessible— not hidden behind finish walls.

AC cable, on the other hand, contains no ground wire; rather, its metal sheathing serves as an equipment ground. AC should be used only in dry, indoor locations...

Speed of the Rollers

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

The speed of the rollers should be controlled and should be slow. According to the NAPA SMA handbook QIS 122, the speed of a roller during rolling must not exceed 5 km/h. In one of the British guidelines, the speed of the rollers should normally be between 4 and 6 km/h (SEHAUC, 2009).

Rolling with vibration at a reduced speed improves the effectiveness of compaction. However, doing so may lead to crushing particles and squeezing mastic out on the surface of a layer. Therefore great caution should be exercised, and vibration should be turned off if need be. Rollers with a speed control option enable automatic control to disengage vibrations during braking and changing direction...

Rafter or Truss

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

Rafter or truss layout, like floor joist layout, is relatively easy compared with wall layout. Sometimes it is helpful to lay out for rafters or trusses on the top of the double plate so that once the wall is standing, the layout will already be done, and you won’t have to do it from a ladder. (See “Rafter layout on walls before the wall is stood up" photo.)

Special layout is often required for ceiling can-lights. Check on necessary clearance to make sure you provide enough room.

Roof layout is the process of taking the information given on the plans and writing enough instructions on the double plate for the roof framer to spread and nail the rafters or trusses.

Use the same reference points established for floor and wall building for starting layout on the roof.

Roof rafters and ...

Embankments

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

As indicated in Fig. 6.12, the main factors considered in determining the need for barriers are the embankment height and the side slope. These criteria are based on studies of the severity of encroachments on embankments as compared with impacts with roadside barriers. The figure does not include the probability of an encroachment or relative costs. Some states have made their own studies and developed charts having a series of curves for different traffic densities.

Embankments FILL SECTION HEIGHT (m)

FIGURE 6.12 Embankment warrants based on comparative risk analysis. (a) SI units; (b) U. S. Customary units. (From Roadside Design Guide, AASHTO, Washington, D. C., 2002 and 2006, with permission)

Sequence

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

Various compaction sequences are adhered to. Generally speaking, every road-engineering company works out its own procedure after some time. By and large, the standard rule states that the paver is followed by static rollers first and then by vibratory rollers. Final passes are always carried out by static rollers, which finally level the surface, removing traces of rolling from it (the so-called finishing). When using

FIGURE 10.11 The particular way rollers approach the paver, with a turn being made right behind the paver. (Photo courtesy of Konrad Jablotiski.)

rollers with new types of vibration, it is worthwhile to consider the manufacturer’s

suggestions.

One of the more interesting techniques of rolling consists of the first roller behind the paver (the breakdown roller) ...

STEP 3 SET THE WINDOWS AND DOORS

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

The setting process anchors the windows and doors in their final positions. Complete installation happens later, when we move inside the house and work on the interior trim. The windows and doors used in affordable housing are mainly vinyl and vinyl clad, though aluminum-clad frames are still installed in some areas. Some codes require that window frames be clad with white vinyl; check with your local building department. Dark-colored vinyl absorbs more solar heat and, as a result, tends to deteriorate faster. On the other hand, dark-colored aluminum cladding holds up well in sunny areas.

Both vinyl and aluminum-clad windows come with a nailing flange on the outside of the window frame; the flange greatly simplifies the installation process...

Other Tasks that Can Be Done Along with Layout

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

Some items can be attended to while you are performing the layout. One is to cut a kerf in the bottom of the bottom plate at door thresholds when they are sitting on concrete. This kerf (about half the thickness of the plate) allows you to cut out your bottom plate after the walls are standing without ruining your saw blades on the concrete. (See “Kerf cut [threshold cut]" photo.)

You can take care of another item while drilling the bottom plate to install over anchor bolts. When the bottom plate is taken off the bolts to do the layout, it can be turned over and accidentally built into the wall upside-down. This problem can be prevented by using a carpenter crayon to mark “UP" on the top

Kerf cut (threshold cut)

of the plate before it is removed from the bolts...

Preventive maintenance

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

There are two basic categories of maintenance: corrective maintenance and preventive maintenance. Corrective maintenance is performed when the system experiences in-service failures. Corrective maintenance often involves the needed repair, adjustment, and replacement to restore the failed system back to its normal operating condition. Therefore, corrective maintenance can be regarded as repair, and its stochastic characteristics are describable by the repair function, MTTR, and other measures discussed previously in Secs. 5.3.1 through 5.3.3.

On the other hand, preventive maintenance, also called scheduled maintenance, is performed in a regular time interval involving periodic inspections,
even if the system is in working condition...

OFFICES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Posted by admin on 19/ 11/ 15

Offices and public buildings may be allowed to have only one bathroom, subject to the size and use of the building. Refer to Figure 9.2, line number 6, for a complete description of possible options in using a single bathroom. The table in Figure 9.8 shows you sizing information for offices and public buildings where multiple bathrooms are used. Feel up to another sizing example? Well, let’s try a couple with the table in Figure 9.8.

Schools:	Average	Bach 15	1 Fixture Each 15 1 Fixture
Pre-School,	Daily	children or	children or
Day Care or	Attendance	fraction	fraction
Nursery		thereof	thereof

Schools:	Average	One drinking fountain for each 3
Elementary &	Daily	classrooms, but not less than
Secondary	Attendance

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Blog Archives

Obstacles

Making Sense of Flexible Metal Cable

Speed of the Rollers

Rafter or Truss

Embankments

Sequence

STEP 3 SET THE WINDOWS AND DOORS

Other Tasks that Can Be Done Along with Layout

Preventive maintenance

OFFICES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS