[1] Annex C contains a Glossary of terms that may be unfamiliar to some readers.
[2] The terms permeability and hydraulic conductivity are both used to mean the ease with which water travels through saturated, porous media. In this book the term permeability is used preferentially. In particular the ‘coefficient of hydraulic conductivity’ and the term ‘coefficient of permeability’ are identical and given the symbol K.
[3] Co-ordinating Author:
23 S. Erlingsson
Haskoli Islands/University of Iceland, Iceland & Statens vag-och transportforskningsinstitut/ Swedish National Road and Transport Institute, Sweden e-mail: sigger@hi. is
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_2, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[4] Co-ordinating Author:
23 S. Erlingsson
Haskoli Islands/University of Iceland, Iceland & Statens vag-och transportforskningsinstitut/ Swedish National Road and Transport Institute, Sweden e-mail: sigger@hi. is
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_3, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[5] Reference should be made to Chapter 10, Section 10.3, and to Eqs. 10.1-10.4 for an explanation of FWD assessment and of BCI and SCI.
[6] Co-ordinating Author:
23 A. Hermansson
Vag-och Transportforskningsinstitut / Swedish Road and Traffic Institute (VTI) e-mail: ake. hermansson@vti. se
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_4, 69
© Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[7] Co-ordinating Author:
E3 A. R. Dawson
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK e-mail: andrew. dawson@nottingham. ac. uk
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8.5, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[8] In British English, bitumen refers to the binder in an asphaltic material whereas in American English the term asphalt-cement is normally used, or simply ‘asphalt’. In this book the term bitumen is used to describe the binder and the word asphalt (which in British English refers to the whole mixture) is not used alone, to avoid confusion.
[9] AAD is one of the core SHRP bitumen binders
[10] PG = Penetration Grade
[11] 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Months since opening
[12] Co-ordinating Authors:
ISIL. Folkeson
Statens vag — och transportforskningsinstitut/Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)
e-mail: lennart. folkeson@vti. se IE3 T. B^kken
Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning/Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) e-mail: torleif. baekken@niva. no
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_6, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[13] The use of the word ‘particle’ here is to differentiate the type of chemical component being exchanged from protons and electrons which are much smaller. It is not used to indicate a solid and visible particle (e. g. of sand) as elsewhere in the book.
[14] See previous footnote
[15] Alphanumeric codes are as used in Fig. 6.5
23 T. Leitao
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil / National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal
e-mail: tleitao@lnec. pt
[17] A. R. Dawson
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK e-mail: andrew. dawson@nottingham. ac. uk
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_7, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[18] for runoff: FHWA (1987, 1996), Hamilton et al. (1991), Hvitved-Jacobsen & Yousef (1991), and Wanielsita & Yousef (1993);
• for surface water: Ruttner (1952), Krajca (1989), Environment Agency (1998);
• for groundwater, soil water and soil: Barcelona et al. (1985), Canter et al. (1987), Nielsen (1991), Clark (1993) and Boulding (1995).
[19] extract metals of the exchangeable and acid extractable fraction (using CH3 COOH 0.11 M);
• extract metals of the reducible fraction (using NH2OH, HCl 0.1 M; pH 2);
[20] Co-ordinating Author:
R. Charlier
University of Liege, Belgium e-mail: robert. charlier@ulg. ac. be
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_8, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[21] water entered through the joints between the slabs;
• the water softened the supporting layers allowing the slab to deflect under traffic;
• the increased dynamic movement of the slab when trafficked caused a “pumping” action by which water was rapidly displaced from the pores in the supporting material;
[22] Co-ordinating Author:
E3 L. Laloui
Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland email: lyesse. laloui@epfl. ch
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_9, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[23] An elastic (resilient) model with a modulus depending on the stress and suction level. A rigorous development should lead to a hyper-elastic model. Such a model would be sufficient for routine pavement design. It seems not to exist at present.
• Improving the available models, such as the Chazallon-Hornych, the Suiker or the Mayoraz models, implies the addition of yield/potential surfaces and a dependency on the suction. The elastic stress space, lying inside the yield surface would be higher for high suction; wetting would reduce the elastic domain and then increases the irreversible strains that occur under each load cycle.
[24] Co-ordinating Author:
EE3 C. Cekerevac Stucky SA, Switzerland e-mail: ccekerevac@stucky. ch
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8.10, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[25] Co-ordinating Author:
R. Charlier
University of Liege, Belgium e-mail: robert. charlier@ulg. ac. be
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_11, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[26] This concerns Galerkin’s approximation. For advection dominated problems, other weighting functions have to be used.
[27] Co-ordinating Author:
IE3 M. Brencic
Geoloski zavod Slovenije/Geological Survey of Slovenia e-mail: mihael. brencic@geo-zs. si
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_12, © Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[28] Co-ordinating Author:
23 J. S. Faisca
Estradas de Portugal/Roads of Portugal, Portugal e-mail: jose. faisca@estradasdeportugal. pt
A. R. Dawson (ed.), Water in Road Structures, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-8562-8_13, 299
© Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2009
[29] This can be said because, under vertical flow, there is a hydraulic gradient of1 so the Darcy flow velocity has the same numeric value as the coefficient of permeability.
[30] Typically soakaways should be able to cope with water flow from a two-year return period ‘high’ (or other agreed return period).
[31] deep GBR on side slopes — where the GBR is installed under the drainage collection system and covers the entire slope as well as the ditch area (Fig. 13.35);
[32] Standard terminology has been adopted for pavement layers in EN standards and these are given here. In parentheses are given the traditional terms
This section provides general designs of the final elements the water runs through before going to existing water bodies.
B.6.1 Retention Ponds/Кексіves стггукрat^ct^s
|
Language |
Item no. |
||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
English |
retention pond |
inlet |
throttle pipe |
outlet |
minimum level |
operating depth |
overflow pipe |
|
German |
Regenruckhaltebecken |
Zulauf |
Drosselrohr |
Ablauf |
tiefstes Absenkziel |
Stauhohe |
Uberlaufrohr |
|
Spanish |
cubeta de retencion |
entrada |
tuberia de regulacion de nivel |
desagiie |
nivel minimo |
profundidad de trabajo |
tuberia de desbordamiento |
|
French |
bassin de retention |
arrivee |
valve pointeau |
sortie |
niveau le plus bas |
niveau de fonctionnement |
tuyau de trop plein |
|
Italian |
bacino di ritenzione |
ingresso |
condotta di strozzamento |
uscita |
livello minimo |
profondita’ di esercizio |
condotta di sfioro |
|
Greek |
Лєкау^ on^KpaT^CT^s |
Eiao8os |
ХшХт) vas a^oaTpct 77ia^s |
E^o8os |
EX(ixiCTTo ern-^eSo |
Ba0os XeiTonp^ias |
XwXt) vas n^epxeiXia^s |
B.6.2 Soakaways/Аушуоі а^аушуі]s o^Ppiwv
|
Language |
Item no. |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
English |
porous wall |
void |
access cover |
inlet pipe |
|
German |
durchlassige Wand |
Hohlraum |
Schachtabdeckung |
Zulaufrohr |
|
Spanish |
pared porosa |
hueco |
recinto cerrado de acceso |
tuberia de entrada |
|
French |
mur poreux |
vide |
acces superieur |
conduite d’arrivee |
|
Italian |
muro poroso |
vuoto |
copertura di accesso |
condotta d’ingresso |
|
Greek |
Дютсерата touxco|хата |
Ker>o |
KaXv^^a етсткеф^? |
SwXiqvas еишэ8ov |
|
Polish |
sciana porowata |
komora |
wlaz |
rura wlotowa |
|
Portuguese |
Parede porosa |
Vazios |
Tampa de acesso |
Colector de entrada |
|
Serbian |
Porozni zid |
Otvor sahta |
Poklopac sahta |
Dovodna cev |
|
Slovenian |
perforirana stena |
jasek |
pokrov jaska |
dovodna cev |
|
Danish |
vandgennemtrangelige sider |
hulrum |
d^ksel |
indlobsrar |
