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In countries where paving grade bitumens (unmodified) are used in SMA, it is usu­ally assumed that the application of hard binders to ensure improvement in rut resis­tance is not necessary. It is generally accepted that, ensuring rut resistance should be accomplished by creating the correct mineral skeleton. So medium-grade binders are justified for use in […]

In this section, we will examine the different types of bituminous binders used in SMAs and methods for selecting one. 3.3.1 Types of Applied Binders Various SMA binders may be seen in the highway engineering practices of many countries. These binders can be divided into paving grade bitumens (unmodified), polymer-modified bitumens (PMB), and special binders […]

Summing up: • When designing an SMA mixture, one should not decrease the content of filler below a minimum value (defined by using a 0.063-mm sieve in Europe or a 0.075-mm sieve in the United States). The lack of filler will be reflected in a decrease in the durability of the mix and the void […]

In some countries a substantial amount of research has been dedicated to baghouse fines, considering them as potential material for use in mixtures. Their use has an economical aspect since the high efficiency of dust collectors in up-to-date asphalt plants collects considerable amounts of dust that are then available for use essentially free of charge. […]

Many accessible publications (Iwahski, 2003; Judycki and Jaskula, 1999, Little and Epps, 2001) on the use of hydrated lime as an additive to asphalt mixtures have pointed out its positive effect. Apart from a substantial increase in water and frost resistance arising from an improvement in the binder adhesion to the aggregate, an increase in […]

3.2.4.1 Commercially Produced Fillers (Added Fillers) According to European terminology,! added fillers are made by crushing stone to produce fillers aimed at use in highway engineering. For a long time, the most popu­lar of these has been, and is likely to remain, limestone filler. Limestone filler is distinguished by its affinity with binder, which is […]

One popular approach used during design practice in many countries is to indicate the recommended range of the filler-bitumen ratio (or F:B index) by weight or vol­ume. Researchers in the United States have said that this factor better describes the maximum content of filler in the mix than does setting specific limits on the filler […]

Let us imagine a set of grains that are going to be dry-compacted by tamping.[13] The result will be a mixture with its volume consisting of grains and some free spaces among them. In a regular binder mortar (blend of filler and binder), these free spaces in a compacted filler would be occupied by binder. […]

Let us start with the definition of an aggregate’s specific area. Specific area is defined as the grains’ surface area related to a unit mass, usually given in terms of square centimeter per gram (cm2/g). Fillers are tested in Europe with Blaine’s method* according to EN 196-6 (see Chapter 8). The measured specific area depends […]

The term filler means an aggregate that mostly passes through a specified sieve (0.063 mm in Europe, 0.075 mm in the United States). It should be emphasized that the material just discussed, which is generally called filler, denotes all the grains—that is, both those coming from the added filler and those occurring on fine and […]