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The requirement of adequate visibility is essential for safe traffic operations during both day and night operation. Visibility can be separated into at least three classifications when applied to highway driving: perception, recognition, and decision making [5]. Perception involves the condition of our eyes, the quantity and the direction of the available light, size of […]

PART 2 ROADWAY LIGHTING C. Paul Watson, P. E. Formerly, State Electrical EngineerAlabama Department of TransportationMontgomery, Alabama Nelson Russell, P. E. Manager, Electrical DepartmentVolkert & AssociatesMobile, Alabama Brian L. Bowman, Ph. D., P. E. Professor of Civil EngineeringAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama Part 2 of this chapter presents considerations in the selection of lighting for freeways and […]

A tool such as that shown in Fig. 7.57 can be constructed out of pipe to straighten twisted U-channel posts [48]. Similar devices with a metal U-shape at the end of a pipe handle can be constructed to realign shaped wood posts and square tubing. A large pipe wrench can also be used to realign […]

It is not necessary to repair each hole in a sign. When a hole does not damage the mes­sage or symbol and does not create the impression of a sloppy sign, then repair may not be needed. The following procedures can be used to make field repairs on signs. Retroreflective Aluminum Sign Panels • Remove […]

Sign legibility can be restored or improved by general cleaning and removal of foreign substances from the sign face. Sign cleaning products are commercially available for use in removing common soil and severe contaminants such as paint and adhesives. In the majority of cases the required cleaning products can be obtained from local hardware stores. […]

The decision on the appropriate action for damaged sign panels is a field judgment. Minor bending of a sign will prevent headlights from illuminating the sign at night. Signs with minor bends can be repaired by removing the sign from the post and straightening the sign. Signs that are badly bent cannot be properly repaired […]

Techniques to reduce incidents of sign vandalism include steps that address the reasons for vandalism, enable the prosecution of offenders, ease maintenance, and make it more difficult to perform the vandalism. Consider the following to reduce vandalism: • The theft and damage to many street name signs is due to the similarity to someone’s name. […]

Sign vandalism costs millions of dollars each year in increased maintenance costs and is a contributing cause to many accidents as well. In addition to the accident itself, van­dalized signs can expose the roadway agency and municipality to tort liability cases. Surveys of state and local agencies indicate that an average of 30 percent of […]

The following guidelines should be followed for multiple-sign-support construction: • Multimount sign supports are designed to function properly when more than one support is struck by an errant vehicle. There will be occasions, however, where only one support will be impacted. When this occurs, it is necessary that the sign panel be properly fastened and […]

The sign blank and its mounting hardware become a structural component of the sign assembly upon impact. Slip base and frangible coupler designs of multiple-sign-support systems require the sign panel hardware, and the upright signposts, to provide the TABLE 7.15 Bolt-Tightening Specifications for Slip Base Design a. Specifications in U. S. Customary units Post size, […]