Category PLUMBER’S AND. PIPE FITTER’S. CALCULATIONS MANUAL

TRENCH SYSTEMS

Trench systems are the least expensive versions of special septic systems. They are comparable in many ways to a standard pipe-and-gravel bed system. The main difference between a trench system and a bed system is that the drain lines in a trench system are separated by a physical barrier. Bed systems consist of drainpipes situated in a rock bed. All of the pipes are in one large

Подпись: been there done that When working with a trench system, there should be only one pipe in each trench. But, always follow the plans and specifications that have been approved by the local code officer. bed. Trench fields depend on separation to work properly. To expand on this, let me give you some technical information.

A typical trench system is set into trenches that are between one to five feet deep. The width of the trench tends to run from one to three feet. Perforated pipe is placed in these trenches on a six-inch bed of crushed stone. A second layer of stone is placed on top of the drainpipe. This rock is covered with a barrier of some type to protect it from the backfilling process. The type of barrier used will be specified in a septic design.

Подпись:TRENCH SYSTEMSПодпись:When a trench system is used, both the sides of the trench and the bottom of the excavation are outlets for liquid. only one pipe is placed in each trench. These two factors are what separate a trench system from a standard bed sys­tem. Bed systems have all of the drain pipes in one large excavation. In a bed system, the bottom of the bed is the only significant infiltrative surface. Since trench systems use both the bottoms and sides of trenches as infiltrative surfaces, more absorption is potentially possible.

Neither bed nor trench systems should be used in soils where the perco­lation rate is either very fast or very slow. For example, if the soil will accept one inch of liquid per minute, it is too fast for a standard absorption system. This can be overcome by lining the infiltrative surface with a thick layer (about two feet or more) of sandy loam soil. Conversely, land that drains at a rate of one inch an hour is too slow for a bed or trench system. This is a situ­ation where a chamber system might be recommended as an alternative.

Because of their design, trench systems require more land area than bed systems do. This can be a problem on small building lots. It can also add to the expense of clearing land for a septic field. However, trench sys­tems are normally considered to be better than bed systems. There are many reasons for this.

Trench systems are said to offer up to five times more side area for infil­tration to take place. This is based on a trench system with a bottom area identical to a bed system. The difference is in the depth and separation of the trenches. Experts like trench systems because digging equipment can straddle the trench locations during excavation. This reduces damage to the bottom soil and improves performance. In a bed system, equipment must operate within the bed, compacting soil and reducing efficiency.

Подпись:TRENCH SYSTEMSПодпись: The advantages of a trench system are numerous. For example, trenches can be run between trees. This reduces clearing costs and allows trees to remain for shade and aesthetic purposes. However, roots may still be a consideration.If you are faced with hilly land to work with, a trench system is ideal. The trenches can be dug to follow the con­tour of the land. This gives you maxi­mum utilization of the sloping ground.

Infiltrative surfaces are maintained while excessive excavation is eliminated. The advantages of a trench system are numer­ous. For example, trenches can be run be­tween trees. This reduces clearing costs and allows trees to remain for shade and aesthetic purposes. However, roots may still be a consideration. Most people agree that a trench system performs better than a bed system. When you combine performance with the many other advantages of a trench system, you may want to consider trenching your next septic system. It costs more to dig individual trenches than it does to create a group bed, but the benefits may outweigh the costs.

CHAMBER SYSTEMS

Chamber septic systems are used most often when the perk rate on ground is low. Soil with a rapid absorption rate can support a standard, pipe-and-gravel septic system. Clay and other types of soil may not. When bedrock is close to the ground, surface chambers are often used.

Подпись:CHAMBER SYSTEMSПодпись:CHAMBER SYSTEMS
What is a chamber system? A cham­ber system is installed very much like a pipe-and-gravel system, except for the use of chambers. The chambers might be made of concrete or plastic. Concrete chambers are naturally more expensive to install. Plastic chambers are shipped in halves and put together in the field.

Since plastic is a very durable material, and it’s relatively cheap, plastic cham­bers are more popular than concrete chambers.

When a chamber system is called for, there are typically many chambers involved. These chambers are installed in the leach field, between sections of pipe. As effluent is released from a septic tank, it is sent into the chambers. The chambers collect and hold the effluent for a period of time. Gradually, the liquid is released into the leach field and absorbed by the earth. The pri­mary role of the chambers is to retard the distribution rate of the effluent.

Building a chamber system allows you to take advantage of land that would not be buildable with a standard pipe-and-gravel system. Based on this, chamber systems are good. However, when you look at the price tag of a chamber system, you may need a few moments to catch your breath. I’ve seen a number of quotes for these systems that pushed the $12,000 mark. This is more than double what the typical cost for a gravel-and-pipe system in my re­gion. But, if you don’t have any choice, what are you going to do?

Подпись:CHAMBER SYSTEMSA chamber system is simple enough in its design. Liquid leaves a septic tank and enters the first chamber. As more liquid is released from the septic tank, it is transferred into additional chambers that are farther downstream. This process continues with the chambers releasing a pre-determined amount of liq­uid into the soil as time goes on. The process allows more time for bacterial ac­tion to attack raw sewage, and it controls the flow of liquid into the ground.

Подпись: Contractors rarely make their own decisions on how to design or install a septic system. Rely on designs that are drawn by certified professionals. Don’t cut corners to save a few dollars during the installation that could cost you major money when problems arise.If a perforated-pipe system was used in ground where a chamber system is rec­ommended, the result could be a flooded leach field. This might create health risks.

Подпись: FIGURE 14.8 ■ Example of a chamber-type septic field.

It would most likely produce unpleasant odors, and it might even shorten the life of the septic field.

Chambers are installed between sections of pipe within the drain field. The chambers are then covered with soil. The finished system is not visible above ground. All of the action takes place below grade. The only real down­side to a chamber system is the cost.

Types Of Tanks

There are many types of septic tanks in use today. Pre-cast concrete tanks are, by far, the most common. However, they are not the only type of sep­tic tank available. For this reason, let’s discuss some of the material options that are available.

Pre-cast concrete is the most popular type of septic tank. When this type of tank is installed properly and is not abused, it can last almost indefinitely. However, heavy vehicular traffic running over the tank can damage it, so this situation should be avoided.

Metal septic tanks were once prolific. There are still a great number of them in use, but new installations rarely involve a metal tank. The reason is simple, metal tends to rust out, and that’s not good for a septic tank. Some metal tanks are said to have given twenty years of good service. This may be true, but there are no guarantees that a metal tank will last even ten years. In all my years of being a contractor, I’ve never seen a metal septic tank installed. I’ve dug up old ones, but I’ve never seen a new one go in the ground.

Types Of Tanks

Types Of Tanks

I don’t have any personal experience with fiberglass septic tanks, but I can see some advantages to them. Their light weight is one nice benefit for any­one working to install the tank. Durability is another strong point in the fa­vor of fiberglass tanks. However, I’m not sure how the tanks perform under the stress of being buried. I assume that their performance is good, but again, I have no first-hand experience with them.

Wood seems like a strange material to use for the construction of a sep­tic tank, but I’ve read where it is used. The wood of choice, as I understand it,

Types Of Tanks

FIGURE 14.6 ■ Outside cleanout installed in sewer pipe and sweep-type fittings used to avoid pipe stoppages.

is redwood. I guess if you can make hot tubs and spas out of it, you can make a septic tank out of it. However, I don’t think I would be anxious to warranty a septic tank made of wood.

Подпись: been there done that Some contractors turn to creative solutions to save money, but they may be making trouble for themselves. I prefer to use proven materials to avoid problems down the road. Compared to the cost of a pre-cast septic tank, building a tank on site doesn’t make sense to me. I suggest using known products that are less likely to create warranty problems for you. Brick and block have also been used to form septic tanks. When these methods are employed, some type of parging and waterproofing must be done on the inte­rior of the vessel. Personally, i would not feel very comfortable with this type of setup. This is, again, material that I have never worked with in the creation of a septic tank, so I can’t give you much in the way of case histories.

SIMPLE SYSTEMS

Simple septic systems consist of a tank, some pipe, and some gravel. These systems are common, but they don’t work well in all types of ground. Since most plumbers are not septic installers, I will not bore you will all of the sticky details for putting a pipe-and-gravel system into operation. However, I would like to give you a general overview of the system, so that you can talk intelli­gently with your customers.

THE COMPONENTS

Let’s talk about the basic components of a pipe-and-gravel septic system. Starting near the foundation of a building, there is a sewer. The sewer pipe should be made of solid pipe, not perforated pipe. I know this seems obvious, but I did find a house a few years ago where the person who installed the sewer used perforated drain-field pipe. It was quite a mess. Most jobs today involve the use of schedule-40 plastic pipe for the sewer. Cast-iron pipe can be used, but plastic is the most common and is certainly acceptable.

The sewer pipe runs to the septic tank. There are many types of mate­rials that septic tanks can be made of, but most of tanks are constructed of concrete. It is possible to build a septic tank on site, but every contractor I’ve ever known has bought pre-cast tanks. An average size tank holds about 1,000 gallons. The connection between the sewer and the septic tank should be watertight.

SIMPLE SYSTEMS

FIGURE 14.2 ■ Recommended minimum distances between wells and septic systems and septic tanks and homes.

 

SIMPLE SYSTEMS

SIMPLE SYSTEMS

SIMPLE SYSTEMS

SEPTIC CONSIDERATIONS

S

eptic systems are common in rural housing locations. Many people who live outside the parameters of municipal sewers depend on septic sys­tems to solve their sewage disposal problems. Plumbers who work in areas where private waste disposal systems are common often come into con­tact with problems associated with septic systems. Ironically, plumbers are rarely the right people to call for septic problems, but they are often the first group of people homeowners think of when experiencing septic trouble.

One reason that plumbers are called so frequently for septic problems is that the trouble appears to be a stopped-up drain. When a septic system is filled beyond capacity, backups occur in houses. Most homeowners call plumbers when this happens. Smart plumbers check the septic systems first and find out if they are at fault.

Backups in homes are not the only reason why plumbers need to know a little something about septic systems. Customers frequently have questions about their plumbing systems that can be influenced by a septic system. For example, is it all right to install a garbage disposer in a home that is served by a septic system. Some people think it is, and others believe it isn’t. The an­swer to this question may not be left up to a plumber’s personal opinion.

Подпись: ✓ fast code fact Many local plumbing codes prohibit the installation of food grinders in homes where a septic system will receive the discharge. Considering all of the questions and concerns that customers might come to their plumbers with, I feel it is wise for plumbers to develop a general knowledge of septic systems. This chapter will help you achieve this goal. With that said, let me show you what is involved with sep­tic systems.

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Copyright © 2005, 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

SEPTIC CONSIDERATIONS

PIPING COLOR CODES

Piping color codes are used when utility companies stake out piping loca­tions. For example, a yellow flag generally indicates one of the following types of pipe:

■ Oil

■ Steam

■ Gas

■ Petroleum

When you encounter a blue flag that indicates the location of piping be­low ground, the type of piping that you are probably dealing with is one of the following:

■ Potable Water

■ Irrigation Water

■ Slurry Pipes

Diameter

Service

Extra heavy

(inches)

weight (lb)

weight (lb)

Double hub,

2

21

26

5-ft lengths

3

31

47

4

42

63

5

54

78

6

68

100

8

105

157

10

150

225

Double hub,

2

11

14

30-ft length

3

17

26

4

23

33

Single hub,

2

20

25

5-ft lengths

3

30

45

4

40

60

5

52

75

6

65

95

8

100

150

10

145

215

Single hub,

2

38

43

10-ft lengths

3

56

83

4

75

108

5

98

133

6

124

160

8

185

265

10

270

400

No-hub pipe,

lVfc

27

10-ft lengths

2

38

3

54

4

74

5

95

6

118

8

180

FIGURE 11.25 ■ Weight of cast-iron pipe. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

Green flags tend to mark the locations of sewers and drain lines. You can never count on the colors to be right and you should always check with the flagging company to know what types of pipes you may be dealing with, but the above examples are common choices when color-coded flags are used. Now, let’s go to Chapter 12 and see how you can troubleshoot jobs by using tables and common sense for fast solutions to serious problems.

Nominal pipe size (inches)

Outside

diameter

(inches)

Inside

diameter

(inches)

Wall

thickness

(inches)

‘/2

0.840

0.750

0.045

%

1.050

0.940

0.055

1

1.315

1.195

0.060

llA

1.660

1.520

0.070

1У2

1.900

1.740

0.080

2

2.375

2.175

0.100

2V2

2.875

2.635

0.120

3

3,500

3.220

0.140

4

4.500

4.110

0.195

FIGURE 11.26 ■ Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic Pipe (PVC). (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

This page intentionally left blank.

Figures 12.1 through 12.27 provide useful tables to help you in troubleshoot­ing problems.

 

219

 

1. What well conditions might possibly limit the capacity of the pump?

2. How does the diameter of a cased deep well and pumping level of the water affect the capacity?

3. If there are no limiting factors, how is capacity determined?

4. What is suction?

 

The rate of flow from the source of supply, the diameter of a cased deep well, and the pumping level of the water in a cased deep well.

They limit the size pumping equipment which can be used.

By the maximum number of outlets or faucets likely to be in use at the same time.

A partial vacuum, created in the suction chamber of the pump, obtained by removing pressure due to atmosphere, thereby allowing greater pressure outside to force something (air, gas, water) into the container.

The atmosphere surrounding the earth presses against the earth and all objects on it, producing what we call atmospheric pressure.

This pressure varies with elevation or altitude. It is greatest at sea level (14.7 pounds per square inch) and gradually decreases as elevation above sea level is increased. The rate is approximately 1 foot per 100 feet of elevation.

Since suction lift is actually that height to which atmospheric pressure will force water into a vacuum, theoretically we can use the maximum amount of this pressure 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level which will raise water 33.9 feet. From this, we obtain the conversion factor of 1 pound per square inch of pressure equals 2.31-feet head.

The resistance of the suction pipe walls to the flow of water uses up part of the work which can be done by atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the amount of loss due to friction in the suction pipe must be added to the vertical elevation which must be overcome, and the total of the two must not exceed 25 feet at sea level. This 25 feet must be reduced 1 foot for every 1000-feet elevation above sea level, which corrects for a lessened atmospheric pressure with increased elevation.

 

5. What is atmospheric pressure?

 

6. How much is the pressure due to atmosphere?

 

7. What is maximum theoretical suction lift?

 

8. How does friction loss affect suction conditions?

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

9. When and why do we use a deep – well jet pump?

 

The resistance of the suction pipe walls to below the pump because this is the maximum practical suction lift which can be obtained with a shallow-well pump at sea level.

A pump with all necessary accessories, fittings, etc., necessary for its completely automatic operation.

It is used on the end of a suction pipe to prevent the water in the system from running back into the source of supply when the pump isn’t operating.

 

10. What do we mean by water systems?

11. What is the purpose of a foot value?

 

12. Name the two basic parts of a jet assembly.

13. What is the function of the nozzle?

 

Nozzle and diffuser.

 

The nozzle converts the pressure of the driving water into velocity. The velocity thus created causes a vacuum in the jet assembly or suction chamber.

The diffuser converts the velocity from the nozzle back into pressure.

That water which is supplied under pressure to drive the jet.

The driving water is continuously recirculated in a closed system.

The centrifugal pump provides the energy to circulate the driving water. It also boosts the pressure of the discharged capacity.

Bolted to the casing of the centrifugal pump.

 

14. What is the purpose of the diffuser?

15. What do we mean by “driving water’?

16. What is the source of the driving water?

17. What is the purpose of the centrifugal pump?

 

18. Where is the jet assembly usually located in a shallow-well jet system?

19. What is the principal factor which determines if a shallow – well jet system can be used?

20. When is a deep-well jet system used?

21. Can a foot valve be omitted from a deep-well jet system? Why or why not?

 

Total suction lift.

 

When the total suction sift exceeds that which can be overcome by atmospheric pressure.

No, because there are no valves in the jet assembly, and the foot valve is necessary to hold water in the system when it is primed. Also, when the centrifugal pump isn’t running, the foot valve prevents the water from running back into the well.

 

FIGURE 12.1 ■ (Continued) Questions and answers about pumps. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

22. What is the function of a check valve in the top of a submersible pump?

23. A submersible pump is made up of two basic parts. What are they?

24. Why did the name submersible pump come into being?

25. Can a submersible pump be installed in a 2-inch well?

 

To hold the pressure in the line when the pump isn’t running.

 

Pump end and motor.

 

Because the whole unit, pump and motor, is designed to be operated under water.

No, they require a 4-inch well or larger for most domestic use. Larger pumps with larger capacities require 6-inch wells or larger.

Impeller, diffuser, and bowl.

 

26. A stage in a submersible pump is made up of three parts. What are they?

27. Does a submersible pump have only one pipe connection?

28. What are two reasons we should always consider using a submersible first?

29. The amount of pressure a pump is capable of making is controlled by what?

30. What do the width of an impeller and guide vane control?

 

Yes, the discharge pipe.

 

It will pump more water at higher pressure with less horsepower. It also has easier installation.

 

The diameter of the impeller.

 

The amount of water or capacity the pump is capable of pumping.

 

Motor does not start

Cause of trouble

Checking procedure

Corrective action

No power or incorrect voltage.

Using voltmeter, check the line terminals. Voltage must be ± 10% of rated voltage.

Contact power company if voltage is incorrect.

Fuses blown or circuit fuse breakers tripped.

Check fuses for recommended size and check for loose, dirty, or corroded connections in fuse receptacle. Check for tripped circuit breaker.

Replace with proper or reset circuit breaker.

Defective pressure switch.

Check voltage at contact points. Improper contact of switch points can cause voltage less than line voltage.

Replace pressure switch or clean points.

Control box malfunction.

For detailed procedure, see***

Repair or replace.

Defective wiring.

Check for loose or corroded connections. Check motor lead terminals with voltmeter for power.

Correct faulty wiring or connections.

Bound pump.

Locked rotor conditions can result from misalignment between pump and motor or a sand bound pump. Amp readings 3 to 6 times higher than normal will be indicated.

If pump will not start with several trials, it must be pulled and the cause corrected. New installations should always be run without turning off until water clears,

Defective cable or motor.

Repair or replace.

Motor starts too often

Pressure switch.

Check setting on pressure switch and examine for defects.

Reset limit or replace switch.

Check valve, stuck open.

Damaged or defective check valve will not hold pressure.

Replace if defective.

Waterlogged tank (air supply).

Check air-charging system for proper operation.

Clean or replace.

Leak in system.

Check system for leaks.

Replace damaged pipes or repair leaks.

SOURCE: A. Y. McDonald Manufacturing Co.

FIGURE 12.2 ■ Troubleshooting motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

Motor runs continuously

Causes of trouble

Checking procedure

Corrective action

Pressure switch.

Switch contacts may be “welded” in closed position. Pressure switch may be set too high.

Clean contacts, replace switch, or readjust setting.

Low-level well.

Pump may exceed well capacity. Shut off pump, wait for well to recover. Check static and draw­down level from well head.

Throttle pump output or reset pump to lower level. Do not lower if sand may clog pump.

Leak in system.

Check system for leaks.

Replace damaged pipes or repair leaks.

Worn pump.

Symptoms of worn pump are similar to that of drop pipe leak or low water level in well. Reduce pressure switch setting. If pump shuts off, worn parts may be at fault. Sand is usually present in tank.

Pull pump and replace worn impellers, casing, or other close fitting parts.

Loose or broken motor shaft.

No or little water will be delivered if coupling between motor and pump shaft is loose or if a jammed pump has caused the motor shaft to shear off.

Check for damaged shafts if coupling is loose, and replace worn or defective units.

Pump screen blocked.

Restricted flow may indicate a clogged intake screen on pump. Pump may be installed in mud or sand.

Clean screen and reset at less depth. It may be necessary to clean well.

Check valve stuck closed.

No water will be delivered if check valve is in closed position.

Replace if defective.

Control box malfunction.

Repair or replace.

Motor runs but overload protector tips

Incorrect voltage.

Using voltmeter, check the line terminals. Voltage must be within ± 10% of rated voltage.

Contact power company if voltage is incorrect.

Overheated protectors.

Direct sunlight or other heat source can make control box hot, causing protectors to trip. The box must not be hot to touch.

Shade box, provide ventilation, or move box away from heat source.

Defective control box.

Repair or replace.

Defective motor or cable.

Repair or replace.

Worn pump or motor.

Replace pump and/or motor.

source: A. Y. McDonald Manufacturing Co,

Cable size

Resistance

14

0.5150

12

0.3238

10

0.2036

8

0.1281

6

0.08056

4

0.0506

2

0.0318

FIGURE 12.4 ■ Resistance of electrical wire.

(Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)


Motor does not start

Checking procedure

Using voltmeter check the line terminals Voltage must be ± 10% of rated voltage.

Check fuses for recommended size and check for loose, dirty or corroded connections in fuse receptacle. Check for tripped circuit breaker.

Check voltage at contact points. Improper contact of switch points can cause voltage less than line voltage.

Check for loose or corroded connections. Check motor lead terminals with voltmeter for power.

Locked rotor conditions can result from misalignment between pump and motor or a sand bound pump. Amp readings 3 to 6 times higher than normal will be indicated.

 

Cause of trouble

A. No power or incorrect voltage.

 

Correction action

Contact power company if voltage is incorrect.

Replace with proper fuse or reset circuit breaker.

 

B. Fuses blown or circuit breakers tripped.

 

Replace pressure switch or clean points.

Repair or replace.

Correct faulty wiring or connections.

 

C. Defective pressure switch.

 

D. Control box malfunction.

E. Defective wiring.

 

If pump will not start with several trials it must be pulled and the cause corrected. New installations should always be run without turning off until water clears.

Repair or replace.

 

F, Bound pump.

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Motor starts too often

Check setting on pressure switch and examine for defects.

Damaged or defective check valve will not hold pressure.

Check air charging system for proper operation.

Check system for leaks.

 

Reset limit or replace switch.

Replace if defective.

 

Clean or replace.

 

Replace damaged pipes or repair leaks.

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Motor runs continuously

Checking procedure

Switch contacts may be “welded” in closed position. Pressure switch may be set too high.

Pump may exceed well capacity. Shut off pump, wait for well to recover. Check static and drawdown level from well head.

Check system for leaks.

Symptoms of worn pump are similar to those of drop pipe leak or low water level in well. Reduce pressure switch setting. If pump shuts off, worn parts may be at fault. Sand is usually present in tank.

No or little water will be delivered if coupling between motor and pump shaft is loose or if a jammed pump has caused the motor shaft to shear off.

Restricted flow may indicate a clogged intake screen on pump. Pump may be installed in mud or sand.

No water will be delivered if check valve is in closed position.

 

Cause of trouble A. Pressure switch.

 

Correction action

Clean contacts replace switch, or readjust setting.

Throttle pump output or reset pump to lower level. Do not lower if sand may clog pump.

Replace damaged pipes or repair leaks.

Pull pump and replace worn impellers, casing or other close fitting parts.

 

B. Low level well.

C. Leak in system.

D. Worn pump, motor shaft.

E. Loose or broken.

 

Check for damaged shafts if coupling is loose and replace worn or defective units.

 

Clean screen and reset at less depth. It may be necessary to clean well.

Replace if defective.

 

F. Pump screen blocked.

 

G. Check valve stuck closed.

H. Control box malfunction.

 

Repair or replace.

 

Motor runs but overload protector trips

 

Using voltmeter, check the line terminals. Voltage must be within ± 10% of rated voltage.

Direct sunlight or other heat source can make control box hot causing protectors to trip. The box must not be hot to touch.

 

Contact power company if voltage is incorrect.

 

A. Incorrect voltage.

 

B. Overheated protectors.

 

Shade box, provide ventilation or move box away from heat source.

 

C. Defective control box.

D. Defective motor or cable.

E. Worn pump or motor.

 

Repair or replace.

Repair or replace.

Replace pump and/or motor.

 

FIGURE 12.6 ■ Troubleshooting motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Measure resistance from any cable to ground (insulation resistance)

 

1. If the ohm value is normal, the motor windings are not grounded and the cable insulation is not damaged.

2, If the ohm value is below normal, either the windings are grounded or the cable insulation is damaged. Check the cable at the well seal as the insulation is sometimes damaged by being pinched.

1. If all ohm values are normal, the motor windings are neither shorted nor open, and the cable colors are correct.

2. If any one ohm value is less than normal, the motor is shorted.

3. If any one ohm value is greater than normal, the winding or the cable is open, or there is a poor cable joint or connection.

4. If some ohm values are greater than normal and some less on single phase motors, the leads are mixed.

 

Measure winding resistance (resistance between leads)

 

FIGURE 12.7 ■ Troubleshooting motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

PIPING COLOR CODES

Normal ohm and megohm values between all leads and ground

Insulation resistance varies very little with rating. Motors of all hp, voltage, and phase rating have similar values of insulation resistance.

 

Condition of motor and leads

Ohm value

Megohm value

A new motor (without drop cable).

20,000,000 (or more)

20.0 (or more)

A used motor which can be reinstalled in the well.

10,000,000 (or more)

10.0 (or more)

Motor in well. Ohm readings are for drop cable plus motor.

A new motor in the well.

2,000,000 (or more)

2.0 (or more)

A motor in the well in reasonably good condition.

500,000-2,000,000

0.5-2.0

A motor which may have been damaged by lightning or with damaged leads. Do not pull the pump for this reason.

20,000-500,000

0.02-0.5

A motor which definitely has been damaged or with damaged cable. The pump should be pulled and repairs made to the cable or motor replaced. The motor will not fail for this reason alone, but it will probably not operate for long.

10,000-20,000

0.01-0.02

A motor which has failed or with completely destroyed cable insulation. The

less than 10,000

0-0.01

pump must be pulled and the cable repaired or the motor replaced.

 

FIGURE 12.8 ■ Resistance readings. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 12.9 ■ Fine-tuning instructions for pressure switches. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

Meter connections for motor testing

 

PIPING COLOR CODES
PIPING COLOR CODES

Ground

 

PIPING COLOR CODES
PIPING COLOR CODES

pump

 

Ground

 

To check voltage

 

1. Turn power OFF

 

2. Remove QD cover to break all motor connections.

 

Caution: LI and L2 are still connected to the power supply.

 

3. Turn power ON,

 

4, Use voltmeter as shown.

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 12.10 ■ Meter connections for motor testing. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

PIPING COLOR CODES

Amprobe meter

 

To check current (amps)

 

1. Turn power OFF

 

2. Connect test cord as shown.

 

3. Turn power ON

 

4. Use hook-on type ammeter as shown.

 

FIGURE 12.11 ■ Checking amperage. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

PIPING COLOR CODES

Single-phase control boxes

Checking and repairing procedures (Power on)

Caution: Power must be on for these tests. Do not touch any live parts.

A. General procedures:

1. Establish line power.

2. Check no load voltage (pump not running).

3. Check load voltage (pump running).

4. Check current (amps) in all motor leads.

B. Use of volt/amp meter:

1. Meter such as Amprobe Model RS300 or equivalent may be used.

2. Select scale for voltage or amps depending on tests.

3. When using amp scales, select highest scale to allow for inrush current, then select for midrange reading.

C. Voltage measurements:

Step 1, no load.

1. Measure voltage at LI and L2 of pressure switch or line contractor.

2. Voltage Reading: Should be ± 10% of motor rating.

Step 2, load.

1. Measure voltage at load side of pressure switch or line contractor with pump running.

2. Voltage Reading: Should remain the same except for slight dip on starting.

D. Current (amp) measurements:

1. Measure current on all motor leads. Use 5 conductor test cord for Q. D. control boxes.

2. Amp Reading: Current in Red lead should momentarily be high, then drop within one second. This verifies relay or solid state relay operation.

E. Voltage symptoms:

1. Excessive voltage drop on starting.

2. Causes: Loose connections, bad contacts or ground faults, or inadequate power supply.

F. Current symptoms:

1. Relay or switch failures will cause Red lead current to remain high and overload tripping.

2. Open run capacitor(s) will cause amps to be higher than normal in the Black and Yellow motor leads and lower than normal or zero amps in the Red motor lead.

3. Relay chatter is caused by low voltage or ground faults.

4. A bound pump will cause locked rotor amps and overloading tripping.

5. Low amps may be caused by pump running at shutoff, worn pump or stripped splines.

6. Failed start capacitor or open switch/relay are indicated if the red lead current is not momentarily high at starting.

 

Single-phase control boxes

Checking and repairing procedures (Power off)

Caution: Turn power off at the power supply panel and discharge capacitors before using ohmmeter.

A. General procedures:

1. Disconnect line power.

2. Inspect for damaged or burned parts, loose connections, etc.

3. Check against diagram in control box for misconnections.

4. Check motor insulation and winding resistance.

B. Use of ohmmeter:

1. Ohmmeter such as Simpson Model 372 or 260. Triplet Model 630 or 666 may be used.

2. Whenever scales are changed, clip ohmmeter lead together and “zero balance” meter.

C. Ground (insulation resistance) test:

1. Ohmmeter Setting: Highest scale R x 10K, or R x 100K

2. Terminal Connections: One ohmmeter lead to “Ground” terminal or Q. D. control box lid and touch other lead to the other terminals on the terminal hoard.

3. Ohmmeter Reading: Pointer should remain at infinity (°°).

Additional tests

Solid state capacitor run (CRC) control box

A. Run capacitor

1. Meter setting: R X 1,000

2. Connections: Red and Black leads

3. Correct meter reading: Pointer should swing toward zero, then drift back to infinity.

B. Inductance coil

1. Meter setting: R X 1

2. Connections: Orange leads

3. Correct meter reading: Less than 1 ohm.

C. Solid state switch

Step 1 triac test

1. Meter setting: R X 1,000

2. Connections: R(Start) terminal and Orange lead on start switch.

3. Correct meter reading: Should be near infinity after swing.

Step 2 coil test

1. Meter setting: R x 1

2. Connections: Y(Common) and L2.

3. Correct meter reading: Zero ohms

 

Orange

 

Capacitor

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Yellow

 

В (.main)

 

R (start) L2

 

V3-1 hp QD relay

 

Blue

 

Capacitor

 

Orange

 

Solid state start switch

 

Black

 

В (main) Y (comm) R (start) L2

 

VH hp QD

 

Start cap

 

capacitor

 

Black,

 

lV2hp

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Orange

 

Yellow

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

LI L2 Yel Blk Red

 

PIPING COLOR CODES
PIPING COLOR CODES

4" standard 172 hp

 

FIGURE 12.14 ■ Wiring diagrams. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Integral horsepower control box parts

Motor

rating

Control box

Capacitors

hp dia.

(1) model no.

Part no. (2)

MFD

Volts

Qty.

5-6"

282 2009 202

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

2

275 479 103 (5)

15

370

2

282 2009 203

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

2

155 327 101 R

30

370

1

5-6"

282 2009 303

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

2

DLX

155 327 101 R

30

370

1

7V2-6"

282 2019 210

275 468 119 S

270-324

330

1

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

1

155 327 109 R

45

370

1

282 2019 202

275 468 117S

130-154

330

3

275 479 103 R (5)

15

370

3

282 2019 203

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

3

155 327 101 R

30

370

1

155 328 101 R

15

370

1

7У2-6"

282 2019 310

275 468 119 S

270-324

330

1

DLX

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

1

155 327 109 R

45

370

1

282 2019 303

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

3

155 327 101 R

30

370

1

155 328 101 R

15

370

1

10-6"

282 2029 210

275 468 119 S

270-324

330

2

155 327 102 R

35

370

2

282 2029 202

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

4

275 479 103 R (5)

15

370

5

282 2029 203

275 468 117 S

130-154

330

4

155 327 101 R

30

370

2

155 328 101 R

15

370

1

282 2029 207

275 468 119 S

270-324

330

2

155 327 101 R

30

370

2

155 328 101 R

15

370

1

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 12.15 ■ (Continued) Data chart for single-phase motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Integral horsepower control box parts

 

hp dia.

model no.

Part no.

MFD

Volts

Qty.

ІУ2-4"

282 3008 110

275 464

113 S

105-126

220

1

155 328

102 R

10

370

1

282 3007 202 or

275 461

107 S

105-126

220

1

282 3007 102

275 479

102 R (5)

10

370

1

282 3007 203 or

275 461

107 S

105-126

220

1

282 3007 103

155 328

102 R

10

370

1

2-4"

282 3018 110

275 464

113 s

105-126

220

1

155 328

103 R

20

370

1

282 3018 202

275 464

113 S

105-126

220

1

275 479

105 R (5)

20

370

1

282 3018 203 or

275 464

113 S

105-126

220

1

282 3018 103

155 328

103 R

20

370

1

2-4"

282 3018 310

275 464

113 s

105-126

220

1

DLX

155 328

103 R

20

370

1

282 3019 103

275 464

113 S

105-126

220

1

155 328

103 R

20

370

1

3-М"

282 3028 110

275 463

111 s

208-250

220

1

155 327

102 R

35

370

1

282 3028 202

275 463

111 S

208-250

220

1

275 481

102 R (5)

35

370

2

282 3028 203 or

275 463

111 S

208-250

220

1

282 3028 103

155 327

102 R

35

370

1

3-4’

282 3028 310

275 463

111 S

208-250

220

1

DLX

155 327

102 R

35

370

1

282 3029 103

275 463

111 S

208-250

220

1

155 327

102 R

35

370

1

5-4"

282 1138 110

275 468

118 S

216-259

330

1

& 6"

155 327

101 R

30

370

2

5-4"

282 1139 202

275 468

118 S

216-259

330

1

275 479

103 R (5)

15

370

4

282 1139 203 or

275 468

118 S

216-259

330

1

282 1139 003

155 327

101 R

30

370

2

5-4"

282 1138 310 or

275 468

118 S

216-259

330

1

& 6"

282 1139 310

155 327

101 R

30

370

2

DLX

5-4"

282 1139 303 or

275 468

118 S

216-259

330

1

DLX

282 1139 103

155 327

101 R

30

370

2

Motor

rating Control box (1) Capacitors

FOOTNOTES:

(1) Lightning arrestor 150 814 902 suitable for all control boxes

(2) S = Start M = Main L = Line R = Run DXL = Deluxe control box with line contactor.

Подпись: (3) (4) (5) Подпись:Подпись:Подпись: New 155 328 102 155 328 101 155 328 103 155 327 102

FIGURE 12.16 ■ Data chart for single-phase motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

QD control box parts

Hp

Volts

Control box model no.

(1) Solid state SW or QD (blue) relay

Start

capacitor

MFD

Уз

115

2801024910

2801024915

152138905(5)

223415905(5)

275464125

275464125

159-191

159-191

Уз

230

2801034910

2801034915

152138901(5)

223415901(5)

275464126

275464126

43-53

43-53

Уг

115

2801044910

2801044915

152138906(5)

223415906(5)

275464201

275464201

250-300

250-300

Уз

230

2801054910

2801054915

152138902(5)

223415902(5)

275464105

275464105

59-71

59-71

Уз

230

2824055010

2824055015

152138912

223415912(6)

275470115

275464105

43-52

59-71

Зл

230

2801074910

2801074915

152138903(5)

223415903(5)

275464118

275464118

86-103

86-103

3/4

230

2824075010

2824075015

152138913

223415913(6)

275470114

275470114

108-130

86-103

1

230

2801084910

2801084915

152138904(5)

223415904(5)

275464113

275464113

105-126

105-126

1

230

2824085010

2824085015

152138914

223415914(6)

275470114

275470114

108-130

108-130

FOOTNOTES:

 

(1) Prefixes 152 are solid state switches. Prefixes 223 are QD (Blue) Relays.

(2) Control boxes supplied with solid state relays are designed to operate on normal 230 V systems. For 208 V systems or where line voltage is between 200 V use the next larger cable size, or use boost transformer to raise the voltage to 230 V.

(3) Voltage relay kits 115 V, 305 102 901 and 230 V. 305 102 902 will replace either current voltage or QD Relays, and solid state switches.

(4) QD control boxes produced H85 or later do not contain an overload in the capacitor. On winding thermal overloads were added to three-wire motors rated Vi-1 hp in A85. If a control box dated H85 or later is applied with a motor dated M84 or earlier, overload protection can be provided by adding an overload kit to the control box.

(5) May be replaced with QD relay kits 305 101 901 thru 906. Use same kit suffix as switch or relay suffix.

(6) Replace with CRC QD Relaying Kits, 223 415 912 with 305 105 901, 223 415 913 with 305 105 902 and 223 415 914 with 305 105 903.

 

FIGURE 12.17 ■ Data chart for single-phase motors. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms Probable cause

Won’t start No electrical power

Wrong voltage Bad pressure switch Bad electrical connection Bad motor

Motor contacts are open Motor shaft is seized

Runs, but produces no water Needs to be primed

Foot valve is above the water level in the well

Strainer clogged Suction leak

Starts and stops too often Leak in the piping

Bad pressure switch Bad air control valve Waterlogged pressure tank Leak in pressure tank

Low water pressure in pressure tank Strainer on foot valve is partially

blocked

Leak in piping

Bad air charger

Worn impeller hub

Lift demand is too much for the

pump

Pump does not cut off when working Pressure switch is bad

pressure is obtained Pressure switch needs adjusting

Blockage in the piping

 

FIGURE 12.18 ■ Troubleshooting jet pumps. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms Probable cause

Won’t start No electrical power

Wrong voltage Bad pressure switch Bad electrical connection

Starts, but shuts off fast Circuit breaker or fuse is inadequate

Wrong voltage

Bad control box

Bad electrical connections

Bad pressure switch

Pipe blockage

Pump is seized

Control box is too hot

Runs, but does not produce water, or Check valve stuck in closed position

produces only a small quantity Check valve installed backward

Bad electrical wiring Wrong voltage

Pump is sitting above the water in the well

Leak in the piping Bad pump or motor Broken pump shaft Clogged strainer Jammed impeller

Low water pressure in pressure tank Pressure switch needs adjusting

Bad pump Leak in piping Wrong voltage

Pump runs too often Check valve stuck open

Pressure tank is waterlogged and needs air ipjected Pressure switch needs adjusting Leak in piping Wrong-size pressure tank

 

FIGURE 12.19 ■ Troubleshooting submersible potable-water pumps. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms

Relief valve leaks slowly Relief valve blows off periodically

No hot water

Water not hot enough

Water too hot Water leaks from tank

 

Probable cause

Bad relief valve

High water temperature High pressure in tank Bad relief valve

Electrical power is off Elements are bad Defective thermostat Inlet valve is closed

An element is bad Bad thermostat Thermostat needs adjusting

Thermostat needs adjusting Controls are defective

Hole in tank

Rusted-out fitting in tank

 

FIGURE 12.20 ■ Troubleshooting electric water heaters. [Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms

Relief valve leaks slowly Relief valve blows off periodically

No hot water

Water not hot enough Water too hot

Water leaks from tank

 

Probable cause

Bad relief valve

High water temperature High pressure in tank Bad relief valve

Out of gas Pilot light is out Bad thermostat Control valve is off Gas valve closed

Bad thermostat Thermostat needs adjusting

Thermostat needs adjusting Controls are defective Burner will not shut off

Hole in tank

Rusted-out fitting in tank

 

FIGURE 12.21 ■ Troubleshooting gas water heaters. [Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms Probable cause

Wont’t drain

Clogged drain Clogged tub waste Clogged trap

Drains slowly

Hair in tub waste Partial drainage blockage

Won’t hold water

Tub waste needs adjusting

Won’t release water

Tub waste need adjusting

Gurgles as it drains

Partial drainage blockage Partial blockage in the vent

Water drips from spout

Bad faucet washers/cartridge Bad faucet seats

Water comes out spout and shower at the same time

Bad diverter washer Bad diverter seat Bad diverter

Faucet will not shut off

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Poor water pressure

Partially closed valve Not enough water pressure Blockage in the faucet Partially frozen pipe

No water

Closed valve Broken pipe Frozen pipe

Symptoms Will not flush

Flushes poorly

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Water droplets covering tank Tank fills slowly

 

Makes unusual noises when flushed Water runs constantly

 

Water seeps from base of toilet Water dripping from tank

No water comes into the tank

 

FIGURE 12.23 ■ Troubleshooting toilets. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Symptoms Won’t drain

Drains slowly Gurgles as it drains Water drips from shower head Faucet will not shut off Poor water pressure

No water

 

Probable cause

Clogged drain Clogged strainer Clogged trap

Hair in strainer Partial drainage blockage

Partial drainage blockage Partial blockage in the vent

Bad faucet washers/cartridge Bad faucet seats

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Partially closed valve Not enough water pressure Blockage in the faucet Partially frozen pipe

Closed valve Broken pipe Frozen pipe

 

FIGURE 12.24 ■ Troubleshooting showers. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

Symptoms

Faucet drips from spout

Faucet leaks at base of spout Faucet will not shut off

Poor water pressure

No water

Drains slowly

Will not drain Gurgles as it drains Won’t hold water

 

Probable cause

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Bad О ring

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Partially closed valve Clogged aerator Not enough water pressure Blockage in the faucet Partially frozen pipe

Closed valve Broken pipe Frozen pipe

Hair on pop-up assembly Partial obstruction in drain or trap Pop-up needs to be adjusted

Blocked drain or trap Pop-up is defective

Partial drainage blockage Partial blockage in the vent

Pop-up needs adjusting Bad putty seal on drain

 

Symptoms Faucet drips from spout

Faucet leaks at base of spout Faucet will not shut off

Poor water pressure

 

Probable cause

 

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

No water

Drains slowly Will not drain Gurgles as it drains

Won’t hold water

 

FIGURE 12.26 ■ Troubleshooting laundry tubs. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

Symptoms Faucet drips from spout

Faucet leaks at base of spout Faucet will not shut off

Poor water pressure

No water

Drains slowly Will not drain Gurgles as it drains

Won’t hold water

Spray attachment will not spray

Spray attachment will not cut off

 

Probable cause

 

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Bad О ring

Bad washers or cartridge Bad faucet seats

Partially closed valve Clogged aerator Not enough water pressure Blockage in the faucet Partially frozen pipe

Closed valve Broken pipe Frozen pipe

Partial obstruction in drain or trap

Blocked drain or trap

Partial drainage blockage Partial blockage in the vent

Bad basket strainer Bad putty seal on drain

Clogged holes in spray head Kinked spray hose

Bad spray head

 

Подпись: PLUMBING CODE CONSIDERATIONS

he plumbing code is complex. This chapter is not a replacement for the code, but it will give you a lot of pertinent information that you may use daily in a concise, accessible manner. The majority of the tables provided here were generously provided by the International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000. The visual nature of this chapter will allow you to answer many of your code questions by simply re­viewing the numerous tables.

In most cases, the tables will speak for themselves. When there may be some confusion, I will provide some insight in the use of a table. For the most part, this is a reference chapter that will not require heavy reading. Consider this your fast track to code facts.

249

Copyright © 2005, 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

APPROVED MATERIALS

WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Brass pipe

ASTM В 43

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) plastic pipe and tubing

ASTM D 2846; ASTM F 441; ASTM F 442; CSA B137.6

Copper or copper-alloy pipe

ASTM В 42; ASTM В 302

Copper or copper-alloy tubing ("type K, WK, L, WL, M or WM)

ASTM В 75; ASTM В 88; ASTM В 251; ASTM В 447

Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plastic tubing

ASTM F 877; CSA CAN/CSA-B 137.5

Cross-linked polyethylene/

alumimim/cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX) pipe

ASTM F 1281; CSA CAN/CSA-B 137.10

Galvanized steel pipe

ASTM A 53

Polybutylene (PB) plastic pipe and tubing

ASTM D 3309; CSA CAN3-B137.8

FIGURE 13.1 ■ Approved materials for water distribution. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

WATER SERVICE PIPE

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe

ASTM D 1527; ASTM D 2282

Asbestos-cement pipe

ASTM C 296

Brass pipe

ASTM В 43

Copper or copper-alloy pipe

ASTM В 42; ASTM В 302

Copper or copper-alloy tubing CIVpe K. WK, L, WL, M or WM)

ASTM В 75; ASTM В 88; ASTM В 251; ASTM В 447

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) plastic pipe

ASTM D 2846; ASTM F 441; ASTM F 442; CSA В137.6

Ductile iron water pipe

AWWA Cl51; AWWA Cl 15

Galvanized steel pipe

ASTM A 53

Polybutylene (PB) plastic pipe and tubing

ASTM D 2662; ASTM D 2666; ASTM D 3309; CSA BI37.8

Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe

ASTM D 2239; CSA CAN/CSA-B 137.1

Polyethylene (PE) plastic tubing

ASTM D 2737; CSA В137.1

Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plastic tubing

ASTM F 876; ASTM F 877; CSA CAN/CSA-B137.5

Cross-linked polyethylene/ aluminum/cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX) pipe

ASTM F 1281; CSACAN/CSA B137.10

Polyethylene/aluminum/ polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) pipe

ASTM F 1282; CSA CAN/CSA-B 137.9

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe

ASTM D 1785; ASTM D 2241; ASTM D 2672; CSA CAN/CSA-B137.3

FIGURE 13.2 ■ Approved materials for water service piping. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


BUILD! NO SEWER PIPE

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe

ASTM D 2661; ASTM D 2751; ASTMF628

Asbestos-cement pipe

ASTM C 428

Cast-iron pipe

ASTM A 74; ASTM A 888; CISPI 301

Coextruded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC IPS DR – PS DWV. PS 140, PS 200

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite ABS sewer and drain DR – PS in PS35, PS50, PS100, PS140, PS200

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC sewer and rain DR – PS in PS35, PS50, PS100, PS140. PS 200

ASTM F 1488

Concrete pipe

ASTM C 14; ASTM C 76; CSA A257.1; CSA CAN/CSA A257.2

Copper or copper-alloy tubing (ТУре К or L)

ASTM В 75; ASTM В 88; ASTM В 251

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe (Type DWV, SDR26, SDR35, SDR41, PS50orPS100)

ASTM D 2665; ASTM D 2949; ASTM D 3034; ASTM F 891; CSA В 182.2; CSA CAN/CSA-B 182.4

Stainless steel drainage systems, Type 316L

ASME/ANSI A112.3.I

Vitrified clay pipe

ASTM C 4; ASTM C 700

FIGURE 13.3 ■ Approved materials for building sewer piping. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


UNDERGROUND BUILDING DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPE

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe

ASTM D 2661; ASTMF 628; CSAB181.1

Asbestos-cement pipe

ASTM C 428

Cast-iron pipe

ASTM A 74; CISPI 301; ASTM A 888

Coextmded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC IPS – DR, PS 140, PS200 DWV

ASTM F 1488

Copper or copper alloy tubing (Type K, L, M or DWV)

ASTM В 75; ASTM В 88; ASTM В 251; ASTM В 306

Polyolefin pipe

CS A CAN/CSA-B 181.2

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe (Type DWV)

ASTM D 2665; ASTM D 2949; ASTMF 891; CSA CAN/CSA-B 181.2

Stainless steel drainage systems. Type 316L

ASME/ANSI A112.3.I

FIGURE 13.4 ■ Approved materials for underground building drainage and vent pipe. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


PIPE FITTINGS

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic

ASTM D 3311; CSA B181.1; ASTM D 2661

Cast iron

ASME В 16.4; ASME В16.12; ASTM A 74; ASTM A 888; CISPI 301

Coextruded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid or cellular core)

ASTM D 2661; ASTM D 3311; ASTM F 628

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 pipe IPS-DR, PS 140, PS200 (solid or cellular core)

ASTM D 2665; ASTM D 3311; ASTM F 891

Coextruded composite ABS sewer and drain DR-PS in PS35, PS50, PS 100, PS 140, PS 200

ASTM D 2751

Coextruded composite PVC sewer and drain DR-PS in PS35, PS50, PS100, PS140, PS200

ASTM D 3034

Copper or copper alloy

ASME В16.15; ASME B16.18; ASME В 16.22; ASME В 16.23; ASME В 16.26; ASME В 16.29; ASME В 16.32

Glass

ASTM C 1053

Gray iron and ductile iron

AWWAC110

Malleable iron

ASME В 16.3

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic

ASTM D 3311; ASTM D 2665

Stainless steel drainage systems, Types 304 and 316L

ASME/ANSIA112.3.1

Steel

ASME В 16.9; ASMEB16.il; ASME В 16.28

FIGURE 13.5 ■ Approved materials for above­ground drainage and vent pipe. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


ABOVE-GROUND DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPE

MATERIAL

STANDARD

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe

as™ D 2661; as™ F 628; CSAB181.1

Brass pipe

AS™ В 43

Cast-iron pipe

AS™ A74;CISP! 301; AS™ A 888

Coexiruded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

ASTM F 1488

Coextroded composite ABS DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

AS™ F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (solid)

AS™ F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC DWV sch 40 IPS pipe (cellular core)

ASTM F 1488

Coextruded composite PVC IPS – DR, PS 140, PS200 DWV

AS™ F 1488

Copper or copper-alloy pipe

AS™ В 42; AS™ В 302

Copper or copper-alloy tubing OVpe K, L, M or DWV)

ASTM В 75; ASTM В 88; AS™ В 251; AS™ В 306

Galvanized steel pipe

ASTM A 53

Glass pipe

AS™ C 1053

Polyolefin pipe

CSA CAN/CSA-B181.2

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe (Type DWV)

AS™ D 2665; AS™ D 2949; AS™ F 891; CSA CAN/CSA-B 181.2; ASTO F 1488

Stainless steel drainage systems, types 304 and 316L

ASME/ANS1 A112.3.1

FIGURE 13.6 ■ Approved materials for pipe fittings. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)

SIZE OF PIPE IDENTIFICATION

PIPE DIAMETER (InchM)

LENGTH OF

BACKGROUND COLOR FIELD (InchM)

SIZE OF LETTERS (InchM)

V4 to 1V4

8

0.5

l‘/2to2

8

0.75

2!/2to6

12

1.25

8 to 10

24

2.5

over 10

32

3.5

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 ram.

FIGURE 13.7 ■ Requirements of pipe identification. (Courtesy of International Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


PIPING COLOR CODES

MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES

Ml MM UN ПЛАМЕН OF FLUhHWIQ FACtUTIEB"

watwclomt* IllHnd* aaa ■colon 41M)

LAYftTONE*

MINIUM/

■HOWCM

FOUMTAMB

IMtbdhn

410.1)

ото»

OCCUPANCT

■Me

Nmuri

A

S

S

E

M

В

L

Y

NlghKlubs

l pet 40

1 per 40

1 per 75

1 per 500

1 service sink

ResUwnrats

1 per 75

1 per 73

і per 200

1 pe 500

] service sink

Theaters, halls, museuml, etc.

1 per 125

1 per AS

l per 300

1 per 500

1 service sink

Coliseums, arena* (leu than 3,000 seats)

1 per 75

1 per 40

t per ISO

t per 1.000

1 service sink

Coliseums, вела (3.000 seats or greater)

1 pea 120

I per 60

Male 1 per 200 Female 1 per 150

1 pe 1,000

1 service rink

Churches6

1 per ISO

3 per 7S

1 per 200

I per 1,000

1 service sink

Stadiums (lew than 3.000 seats), pools, etc.

l per 100

1 per 50

1 per 150

1 per 1,000

1 service sink

Stadium* (3,000 seat* or greater)

1 per ISO

1 pe 75

Male 1 per 200 Female 1 pet 150

І per I.000

3 service sink

Buineu (»e Sections 403.2, 403,4 and 403,5)

1 per 50

1 per R0

1 per 100

1 service link

Educational

1 per 50

1 p«50

і pet ibo

1 service sink

Factory and іпАютіїї

! per 100

1 per 100

fsee Section 411)

1 per 400

1 ктсе rink

Passenger terminals and transportation facilities

l per 500

1 per 750

1 per 1,000

1 service sink

1

N

S

T

1

T

и

T

f

о

N

A

L

Residential care

1 per 10

1 per 10

1 per 8

1 per 100

1 service sink

Hospitals, ambulatory nursing home pillcnls1′

1 pci room*1

1 per loom11

1 per 15

і per 100

1 service нпк per floor

Day nurseries, sanitariums, nonamhulatwy nursing home patients, eic. c

1 per 15

1 per 15

l per 15е

3 per IOC

3 service sink

Employees, wher lhan residential ci

1 per 25

1 per 35

1 per 100

Viiiiots. other than residential care

1 per 75

1 per 100

1 per 300

Pnremri

I per cell

1 per cell

1 per 15

1 pci 10O

1 service sink

Asylums, refnrmamries, etc. e

1 per IS

1 per IS

1 per IS

1 per 100

1 service sink

Mercantile (see Sections 403.2, 403.4 and 403.5)

1 per 500

1 per 750

1 per 1.000

1 service sink

R

E

5

1

D

Б

N

T

E

A

L

Hotels, motels

1 per guestroom

1 per

guestroom

t per guestroom

1 service sink

Lodges

1 per 10

1 per 10

] per 8

1 per 100

] service sink

Multiple family

1 per dwelling anil

l per

dwelling unit

1 per dwelling unit

1 kitchen rink per dwelling unit:

1 automatic clothes washer connection per 20 dwelLing tin Us

Dormitories

1 per 10

1 per! Q

1 per В

1 per 100

1 service sink

One- and two-family dwellings

I per dwelling unit

l per

dwelling unit

1 per dwelling unit

1 kitchen sink per dwelling unit,

1 automatic clottjc*

washer connection per dwelling unit*

Storage (see Sections403,2 and 403.4)

1 per 100

1 per 100

(see Section 411)

1 per 1,000

l service sink

■- The fin turn shown srt based oaonr fixture being the mi rmnumrcqvircd for the number of persons indrcaiod oraiyfndiM of the number of penons ladicatcd TV number of oceupvm A ill be determined by ihc hft*rnanvnal Building Codt. b. Piutrci located In adjacent ojllduifj нМег the ownership « control of (he church dull be made available duria| period! the choreb is occupied C. Toilet facilities for employed shall be separate from fur [litres for ntmatei or paneaii.

d, Л пгціе-оссирапі toilet room with me water daact and one lavatory «еггіп| тхч топе than (wo adjacent patient room* thill be permitted where well irom <» provided with direct access from each patient room and with frovisiont for privacy.

e. For day nurseries, i maximum of one ЬпЫцЬ shall be required

f For irtaebed one – and two-farm I у dweltavgx, one automatic clothes wadier connection shall be required per 20 dwelling urns.

FIGURE 13.9 ■ Minimum plumbing facilities. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


MINIMUM SIZES OF FIXTURE WATER SUPPLY PIPES

FIXTURE

MINIMUM PIPE SIZE (inch)

Bathtubs (60" x 32" and smaller)®

v2

Bathtubs (larger than 60" x 32")

V2

Bidet

3/8

Combination sink and tray

v2

Dishwasher, domestic®

v2

Drinking fountain

%

Hose bibbs

‘/2

Kitchen sink®

V2

Laundry, 1, 2 or 3 compartments®

‘/2

Lavatory

3/8

Shower, single head®

‘/2

Sinks, flushing rim

3/4

Sinks, service

v2

Urinal, flush tank

lh

Urinal, flush valve

3/4

Wall hydrant

v2

Water closet, flush tank

3/8

Water closet, flush valve

1

Water closet, flushometer tank

3/8

Water closet, one piece®

V2

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 шш, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa.

a. Where the developed length of the distribution line is 60 feet or less, and the available pressure at the meter is a minimum of 35 psi, the minimum size of an individual distribution line supplied from a manifold and installed as part of a parallel water distribution system shall be one nominal tube size smaller than the sizes indicated.

FIGURE 13.10 ■ Minimum number of plumbing facilities. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


FIXTURE SUPPLIES

MAXIMUM FLOW RATES AND CONSUMPTION
FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FIXTURE FITTINGS

PLUMBING FIXTURE OR FIXTURE FITTING

MAXIMUM FLOW RATE OR QUANTITY*

Water closet

1.6 gallons per flushing cycle

Urinal

1.0 gallon per flushing cycle

Shower head®

2.5 gpm at 60 psi

Lavatory, private

2.2 gpm at 60 psi

Lavatory (other than metering), public

0.5 gpm at 60 psi

Lavatory, public (metering)

0.25 gallon per metering cycle

Sink faucet

2.2 gpm at 60 psi

For SI: I gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa.

a. A hand-held shower spray is a shower head.

b. Consumption tolerances shall be determined from referenced standards.

FIGURE 13.11 ■ Maximum flow rates and consumption for plumbing fixtures and fixture fittings. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

MANIFOLD SIZING

NOMINAL SIZE INTERNAL DIAMETER (Inch*»)

MAXIMUM DEMAND (gpm)

Velocity M 4 foot рагмсомі

Velocity at S fact p*ra*cand

‘/2

2

5

J/4

6

11

1

10

20

l‘/4

15

31

iV2

22

44

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4mm, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 foot per second

= 0 305 mis.

FIGURE 13.12 ■ Maximum flow rates and consumption for plumbing fixtures and fixture fittings. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA
REQUIRED CAPACmES AT FIXTURE SUPPLY PIPE OUTLETS

FIXTURE SUPPLY OUTLET SERVING

FLOW RATE* (gpm)

FLOW

PRESSURE

(P*l)

Bathtub

4

8

Bidet

2

4

Combination fixture

4

8

Dishwasher, residential

2.75

8

Drinking fountain

0.75

8

Laundry tray

4

8

Lavatory

2

8

Shower

3

8

Shower, temperature controlled

3

20

Sillcock, hose bibb

5

8

Sink, residential

2.5

8

Sink, service

3

8

Urinal, valve

15

15

Water closet, blow out, flushometer valve

35

25

Water closet, flushometer tank

1.6

15

Water closet, siphonic, flushometer valve

25

15

Water closet, tank, close coupled

3

8

Water closet, tank, one piece

6

20

For SI: 1 psi = 6.895 кРа, I gallon per minute (gpm) = 3.785 L/m.

a. For additional requirements for flow rates and quantities, see Section 604.4.

FIGURE 13.13 ■ Water distribution system design criteria required capacities at fixture supply pipe outlets. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCHES AND STACKS*

DIAMETER OF PIPE (inch**)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS (dfu)

Total for a horizontal branch

Slackib

Total discharge Into ona branch interval

Total for stack of thr** branch interval* or lata

Total for stack greater than thr** branch interval*

l‘/2

3

2

4

8

2

6

6

10

24

2‘/2

12

9

20

42

3

20

20

48

72

4

160

90

240

500

5

360

200

540

1,100

6

620

350

960

1,900

8

1.400

600

2,200

3,600

10

2,500

1.000

3,800

5,600

12

2.900

1,500

6,000

8,400

15

7,000

Footnote c

Footnote c

Footnote c

For SI; I inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Docs not include branches of the building drain. Refer to Table 710.1(1).

b. Slacks shall be sized based on the total accumulated connected load at each story or branch interval. As the total accumulated connected load decreases, stacks are permitted to be reduced in size. Stack diameters shall not be reduced to less than one-half of the diameter of the largest stack size required.

c. Подпись:Sizing load based on design criteria.

DIAMETER OF PIPE (inches)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS CONNECTED TO ANY PORTION OF THE BUILDING DRAIN OR THE BUILDING SEWER, INCLUDING BRANCHES OF THE BUILDING DRAIN*

Slope per foot

Inch

Vs Inch

V* Inch

V2Inch

i’/4

і

1

i’/2

3

3

2

21

26

2’/2

24

31

3

36

42

50

4

180

216

250

5

390

480

575

6

700

840

1,000

8

1,400

1,600

1,920

2,300

Ю

2,500

2,900

3,500

4.200

12

3,900

4,600

5,600

6,700

15

7,000

8,300

10,000

12,000

BUILDING DRAINS AND SEWERS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 inch per foot = 0.0833 mm/m.

a. The minimum size of any building drain serving a water closet shall be 3 inches.

Подпись: о < о >

FIGURE 13.15 ■ Drainage fixture units allowed for building drains and sewers. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


Подпись: PLUMBING CODE CONSIDERATIONS

Ы

O’*

 

Maximum Unit Loading and Maximum Length of Drainage and Vent Piping

Six» of Pipe, Inches

(mm)

1-1/4

(32)

1-1/2

(40)

2

(50)

2-1/2

(65)

3

(80)

4

(100)

5

025)

6

(150)

8

(200)

10

(250)

12

(300)

Maximum Units

Drainage Piping1 Vertical Horizontal

1

1

22

1

163

83

323

143

48*

354

256 2165

600

428®

1380

7205

3600

2640s

5600

4680s

8400

8200s

Maximum Length

Drainage Piping Vertical, feet (m)

Horizontal (Unlimited)

45

(14)

65

(20)

85

(26)

146

(45)

212

(65)

300

(91)

390

(119)

510

(155)

750

(228)

Vent Piping (See note) Horizontal and Vertical Maximum Units Maximum Lengths, feet

____________________ !"2L-

1

45

.OIL

83

60

JUL

24

120

J3TL

48

180

J552_

84

212

ea

256

300

(91)

600

390

(119?

1380

510

(155)

3600

750

(228)

1 Excluding trap arm.

2 Except smks. urinals and dishwashers.

3 Except six-unit traps or water closets

4 Only four (4) water doseta or six-unit traps allowed on any vertical pipe or stack; and not to exceed three (3) water closets or six-unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain

5 Based on one-fourth (1/4) inch per tool (20.9 mm/m) slope. For one-eighth (t/8) inch per foot (10 4 mm/m) slope, multiply horizontal fixture units by a factor ol 0.8.

Not»: The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than one and one-fourth (1-1/4) inches (31.8 mm) nor less than One-half (t/2> the diameter ot the drain to which it is connected. Fixture unit load values tor drainage and vent piping shall be computed from Tables 7-3 and 7^4. Not to exceed one-third (1/3) ol the total permitted length ol any vent may be Installed in a horizontal positron. When vents are increased one (1) pipe size for their entire length, the maximum length limitations specified in this table do not apply.

Подпись:FIGURE 13.16 ■ Maximum unit loading and maximum length of drainage and vent piping. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


SIZE OF COMBINATION DRAIN AND VENT PIPE

DIAMETER PIPE (Inchee)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS (dfu)

Connecting to ■ horizontal branch or alack

Connecting to a building drain or building eubdraln

2

3

4

2 lh

6

26

3

12

31

4

20

50

5

160

250

6

360

575

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 13.17 ■ Size of combination drain and vent pipe. [Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

SLOPE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE PIPE

SIZE (inches)

MINIMUM SLOPE (Inch per foot)

2V2 or less

‘/4

3 to 6

‘/8

8 or larger

‘/16

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 шш, 1 inch per foot = 0.0833 mm/rn.

FIGURE 13.18 ■ Slope of horizontal drainage pipe. [Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS FOR FIXTURE DRAINS Oft TRAPS

FIXTURE ORAM OH TRAP SIZE (InchM)

DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUE

P/4

1

P/2

2

2

3

2’/2

4

3

5

4

6

For SI t inch = 25.4 mm

FIGURE 13.19 ■ Drainage fixture units for fixture drains or traps. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


MINIMUM CAPACITY OF SEWAGE PUMP
OR SEWAGE EJECTOR

DIAMETER OF THE DISCHARGE PIPE (inchas)

CAPACITY OF PUMP OR EJECTOR (gpm)

2

21

2’/2

30

3

46

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m,

FIGURE 13.20 ■ Minimum capacity of sewage pump or sewage ejector. (Courtesy of international Code Council, Inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)

DftAMAGe FIXTURE UNIT® FOR RXTVRW AW GROUP*

FBCTUIIi: TYPE

опАїНлав латиш имг value AS LOAD FACTORS

мним на or TRAP

Hw)

Automatic clothes washers, commercial*

3

2

Automatic clothes washers, residential

2

2

Baihroo m group as defined in Sect! on 202 (1.6 gpf waier closet)’

5

Bathroom group is defined in Section 202 (water closet flushing greater than 1.6 gpf/

6

Bathtub** < with or without overhead shower or whirlpool attachments)

2

l’/l

Bidet

1

Combination sink and tray

2

I’o

Derail lavatory

1

]!/*

Dental unit or cuspidor

1

]’/.

Dishwashing machine, c domestic

2

l^a

Drinking fountain

lb

TV4

Emergency floor drain

0

2

Floor drains

2

2

Kitchen sink, domestic

2

!'<=

Kitchen sink, domestic with food waste grinder and/or dishwasher

2

1^2

Laundry tray (1 or 2 comparmems)

2

l’/2

Lavatory

1

U4

Shower

2

■ —^

Sink

2

T/2

Urinal

4

Footnoted

Urinal, 1 gallon per flush or less

2*

Footnote d

Wash sink (circular or multiple) each set of faucets

2

l‘fj

Water closet, flushorrsctcT tank, public Or private

4r

Footnote d

Water closet, private (1,6 gpf)

3*

Footnoted

Water closet, privste (flushing greater than 1.6 gpf)

4C

Footnote d

Water closet. public (1 6 gpf)

4C

Footnote d

Water closet, public (flushing greater rhan 1.6 gpf)

6C

Footnoie d

For Sr 1 inch = 23 4 nun, I gallpfl = 3 L

1- For <npi larger than 3 inches, uk fibte 709.2.

b. Л showeihead over a bathtub nr’whirlpool bathtub attachments does not menace the drainage Пинге unit value

c. See Sectkxvs 709.2 through 709 4 for methods о Г competing unit value of futures not lilted in Table 709.1 or for rating of devices with intermittent flows.

d. Trap si» shall be eoMisrem with Che fiature wrtmiie-

e. For the риізяие of computing lotds on bu i Idmgdiai nr and sewers, water closets’ч urinal t shall not be rated it a low d™ tuge future unit unteKthe lower vaiue air con firmed by testing

I. For fi і turn added tc>« dwelling unit bsihroora group, add the DFU value of those addi oonii fi* lures to the bat broom group fi stmt count.

FIGURE 13.21 ■ Drainage fixture units. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


MAXIMUM DISTANCE OF FIXTURE TRAP FROM VENT

SIZE OF TRAP (inches)

SIZE OF FIXTURE DRAIN (inches)

SLOPE (Inch per loot)

DISTANCE FROM TRAP (feet)

l’/4

l‘/4

%

3 ‘/2

l’/4

l‘/2

>/4

5

1 ‘h

1 ’/2

’/4

5

l’/2

2

‘/4

6

2

2

%

6

3

3

‘/8

10

4

4

‘/8

12

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304 8 mm, 1 inch per foot = 0.0833 mm/ш.

FIGURE 13.22 ■ Maximum distance of fixture trap from vent.(Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

COMMON VENT SIZES

PIPE SIZE (Inches)

MAXIMUM DISCHARGE FROM UPPER FIXTURE DRAIN (Ли)

И/2

1

2

4

2‘/2 to 3

6

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

Подпись: 266 ■ PLUMBER'S AND PIPE FITTER'S CALCULATIONS MANUAL

SIZE AND LENGTH OF SUMP VENTS

DiSCHARGE CAPACITY OF PUMP

MAXIMUM DEVELOPED LENGTH OF VENT (feet)"

Diameter of vant (inch**)

________ (9P™)__________

1V4

2

¥Гг

3

4

10

No limitb

No limit

No limit

No limit

No limit

No limit

20

270

No limit

No limit

No limit

No limit

No limit

40

72

160

No limit

No limit

No limit

No limit

60

31

75

270

No limit

No limit

No limit

80

16

41

150

380

No limit

No limit

100

10е

25

97

250

No limit

No limit

150

Not permitted

10е

44

110

370

No limit

200

Not permitted

Not permitted

20

60

210

No limit

250

Not permitted

Not permitted

10

36

132

No limit

300

Not permitted

Not permitted

10е

22

88

380

400

Not permitted

Not permitted

Not permitted

10е

44

210

500

Not permitted

Not permitted

Not permitted

Not permitted

24

130

For Si: 1 inch = 25,4 mm* 1 fool = 304.8 тіл* 1 gallons per minute = 3 785 L/m.

a. Developed length plus an appropriate allowance forentrance losses and friction due to finings* changes in direction and diameter. Suggested allowances shall be obtained from NBS Monograph 31 or other approved sources. An allowance of 50 percent of the developed length shall be assumed if a more precise value is not available.

b. Actual values greater than 500 feet.

c. Less than 10 feet.

 

MINIMUM DIAMETER AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL BRANCH FIXTURE VENTS AND INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE HEADER VENTS FOR SMOOTH PIPES

DIAMETER OF VENT PIPE (Inch#*)

INDIVIDUAL VENT AIRFLOW RATE (cubic feet per minute)

Maximum developed length ol vent (feet)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

ft

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

v*

95

25

13

8

5

4

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

i

і

1

1

і

i

1

j/4

100

88

47

30

20

15

10

9

7

6

5

4

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

1

I

100

94

65

48

37

29

24

20

17

14

12

11

9

8

7

7

6

6

l‘/4

100

87

73

62

53

46

40

36

32

29

26

23

21

l‘/2

100

96

84

75

67

60

54

49

45

2

100

For SI: I inch = 25.4 mm, ] foot = 304.S mm, 1 cfm = 0,4719 L/s.

FIGURE 13.25 ■ Minimum diameter and maximum length of individual branch fixture vents and individual fixture header vents for smooth pipes. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

AND DEVELOPED t-ENQTH OP STACK VENT* AND VENT STACKS

OUUETEROF KA OR WASTE STACK

TOTAL Ppm** МИТІ* км VOTED ftfu)

MAxmmJU D€»tCOPFD L6WGTH OF ЛМ7 (*••*}* ШЖТ«Я OF VENT (Viehaa)

1%

IV.

I

аЧ

3

4

1

1

10

13

2

8

50

150

10

30

100

2

12

30

75

200

2

20

26

30

150

2l/l

42

30

їда

300

3

10

42

150

360

1,040

3

21

32

no

270

810

3

53

27

94

230

680

3

102

25

86

210

4

43

35

85

250

980

4

140

27

65

200

750

4

320

23

55

170

640

4

540

21

50

150

580

5

190

28

82

320

990

3

490

21

63

250

760

3

940

18

53

210

670

5

1,400

16

49

190

590

<5

500

33

130

400

1,000

6

1.100

26

100

310

780

6

2.000

22

84

260

660

6

2.900

20

77

240

600

8

1.800

31

95

2*0

940

8

3,400

24

73

190

720

8

5,600

20

62

160

610

8

7.600

18

56

140

560

10

4.000

31

78

310

960

10

7.200

24

60

240

740

10

11,000

20

31

200

630

10

15,000

IS

«6

180

570

n

7,300

31

120

380

9*0

12

13.000

24

94

300

720

12

20,000

20

79

250

610

12

26,000

IS

72

230

500

15

15.000

40

130

310

15

25.000

31

96

240

15

38,000

26

81

200

15

30,000

»

74

180

FIGURE 13.26 ■ Size and developed length of stack vents and vent stacks. (Courtesy of international Code Council, Inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)

SIZE OF DRAIN PIPES FOR WATER TANKS

TANK CAPACITY (gallon*)

DRAIN PIPE (Inch*!)

Up to 750

1

751 to 1,500

1 xh

1,501 to 3,000

2

3,001 to 5,000

2V2

5,001 to 7,500

3

Over 7,500

4

For SI: I inch = 25.4 mm. I gallon = 3.785 L.

FIGURE 13.27 ■ Size of drain pipes for water tanks. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


HANGER SPACING

PIPING MATERIAL

MAXIMUM

HORIZONTAL

SPACING

(feet)

MAXIMUM

VERTICAL

SPACING

(f«t)

ABS pipe

4

10b

Aluminum tubing

10

15

Brass pipe

10

10

Cast-iron pipe®

5

15

Copper or copper-alloy pipe

12

10

Copper or copper-alloy tubing, l ‘^-inch diameter and smaller

6

10

Copper or copper-alloy tubing, I ‘/2-inch diameter and larger

10

10

Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe

2.67

(32 inches)

lO6

Cross-linked polyethylene/ aluminum/crosslinked polyethy­lene (PEX-AL-PEX) pipe

22/з

(32 inches)

4

CPVC pipe or tubing, l inch or smaller

3

10b

CPVC pipe or tubing, l ‘/4 inches or larger

4

10b

Steel pipe

12

15

Lead pipe

Continuous

4

PB pipe or tubing

2.67

(32 inches)

4

Polyethylene/aluminum/polyeth – ylene (PE-AL-PE) pipe

2.67

(32 inches)

4

PVC pipe

4

10b

Stainless steel drainage systems

10

fo15

For SI: 1 inch = 25,4 mm, I foot = 304.8 шш.

a. The maximum horizontal spacing of cast-iron pipe hangers shall be increased to 10 feet where 10-foot lengths of pipe are installed.

b. Midstory guide for sizes 2 inches and smaller.

FIGURE 13.28 ■ Hanger spacing. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


SIZES FOR OVERFLOW PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY TANKS

MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF WATER SUPPLY UNE TO TANK (ЯР”»)

DIAMETER OF OVERFLOW PIPE (Inches)

0-50

2

50-150

2‘/2

150-200

3

200 – 400

4

400 – 700

5

700- 1,000

6

Over 1,000

8

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 шш, I gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m.

FIGURE 13.29 ■ Sizes for overflow pipes for water supply tanks. (Courtesy of international Code Council, inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)

UiwWi

Tyyeof Jokita

Horizontal

Vaittoal

Can hen HuiJ and 50931

Lead end Oakum

5 leet {1S24 mm}, except may be 10 Wei (3044 mm) a+tera 10 tod (3048 mm) length* am

metaled ’.2.3

Sue and aech floor not to exceed и feet (4572 ГТЇИ)

Compraaaton G**k«1

Every other joH unite* ow 4 toet (1219 mm), then auppon each (dr* 1*4

ваае and eeoMtoor «по exceed 15 ieet (487? mm)

Cast кол Hubteaa

StMthdCouffcre

Every caber )oinl спієм ever 4 (a*t(124Bmm), then euppod MCh joM’-U*

Вдає and each door not to exceed IS teat (4872 mm)

Copper Tube and pip*

Sctderad. Вгажі Cf Welded

1-ІЙ Inch (40 mm) and man*, в feet <1 ДО mm), ?tooh(K)mm)indlefB*r, lOtoet (3044 rim)

Each (tor* not to exceed 10 (eat (3048 ґттп) в

Steel ем втаї Pipe tor water

Of DWV

Threeded or Wetoed

3/4 *tch (20 mm) and amain, i fleet (Э048 mm). 1 Inch (И mm) end huger. 12 leet (ИМ mm)

Every cdher loof, no! to exceed 2Д leet (7620 m) *

Steel. Bfui and Tinned Copper Pipe tor Oat

Threaded or Welded

Vtt toert (is mm). 6 lent < і ВИ rrm| 3«

(20 mm) mil tan (2S.4 inn]. Stoat <24» rt»k M/4 hch(32 mr^and kigar. to Mat (3D48 mm)

1/2 Inch (12.7 mm), S leal (1829 mm), 3/4 (10 mm) and 11nch (26 4 іші> 81aat (2438 mm), 1 – V* heft (32 mm) and laigar. every toot level

Schedule 40 PVC and A8S OWV

Sctred Cemented

AI fillet, 4 teal (1210 mm). Alton* tor вхрелеіоп every 30 leet (9144 mm) 3.1

Beee and each Door. Provide mtd – itory glide*. Pivrtde lor axpeneton every 30 feel (81 *4 mm) *

CPVC

Solvent Cemented

11nch (29 mm) and emitter. 3 кие (914 mm), 1-1/4 Inch (32mm) and larger 41aat (I2i9rwn)

Вам and each floor Prartdemld – ttory guide**

Lead

Wiped с* Burned

Ccndnuoueeuppofl

N0 to exceed 4 feat (1219 mm)

Copper

MechenlcaJ

irt accordance wifi atonderd* acceptable to N AOmtolaimWe Authority

StMFABreaa

Mechanical

In accordance nth atendanteacMfrtabto tot* Adrwuatraliv* Authority

PE*

Metal me*ri and

Metal Сстршмкт

32 Indies (вой mm)

Вам and each floor ProWJ* mldatory gutoaa

Подпись: > Suppc^»|ACMlK>|o4nolta4»^*lghtt«r<1S;RKtin^[nm). * Brae* el not more the i Fcirtyr (40) tool (13192 nw) ІПИІУМЄ to prawn twrtnrtt mowmara. 5 Support it each horowrtal brwrch ocmecttoci. 4 Hanger* «Ml not їм placed OTlwcwplIng. 5 vertical water live may і«ск^м«чііт(іпд рмюріаі«№ r«gai4 to п««1«опиаосмж«№ .wnanim approved by fie AdmtoetratWe Authority, * Sea re appropriate мтэ toataietton Sunderth* axpaneton and od»f epeclai tequhemanta.

FIGURE 13.30 ■ Horizontal and vertical use of materials and joints. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)


FIXTURE

MINIMUM AJR GAP

Away from a wall* (Inches)

CIom to a wall (inchaa)

Lavatories and other fixtures with effective opening not greater than!/2 inch in diameter

і

i’/2

Sink, laundry trays, gooseneck back faucets and other fixtures with effective openings not greater than % inch in diameter

1.5

2.5

Over-rim bath fillers and other fixtures with effective openings not greater than 1 inch in diameter

2

3

Drinking water fountains, single orifice not greater than 7/]6 inch in diameter or multiple orifices with a total area of 0.150 square inch (area of circle 7/|$ inch in diameter)

1

1V2

Effective openings greater than I inch

Two times the diameter of the effective opening

Three times the diameter of the effective opening

For SI: l inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Applicable w here walls or obstni crions are spaced from the nearest inside edge of the spo ut openi ng a di stance greater than t hree ti mes the di ame ter of the efTec ti ve opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four times the diameter of the effective opening for two intersecting walls.

FIGURE 13.31 ■ Minimum required air gaps. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


AIRGAPS AND AIR CHAMBERS

Minimum Airgaps lor Water Distribution4

Fixtures

When not affected by side waHs1 Inches (mm)

When aflected by side walls2 Inches (mm)

Effective openings3 not greater than one-half (W) inch (12 7 mm) in diameter

1 (25.4)

1-1/2 (38)

Effective openings3 not greater than throe-quarters (3/4) inch (20 mm) in diameter

1*1/2 (38)

2-1/4 (57)

Effective openings3 not greater than one (1) inch (25 mm) in diameter

2 (51)

3 (78)

Effective openings3 greater than one (1) inch (25 mm) in diameter

Two (2) times diameter of effect iva opening

Three (3) times diameter of effective opening

1 Side walls, ribs or similar obstructions do not affect airgaps when spaced from the inside edge of the spout opening a distance greater than three times the diameter of the effective opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four times the effective opening for two intersecting walls.

2 Vertical walls, ribs or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the horizontal plane of the spout opening other than specified in Note 1 above. The effect of three or more such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined, In such cases, the airgap shall be measured from the top of the wall.

3 The effective opening shall be the minimum cross-sectional area at the seat of the control valve or the supply pipe or tubing which feeds the device or outlet. If two or more lines supply one outlet, the effective opening shall be the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the individual supply lines or the area of the single outlet, whichever Is smaller.

4 Airgaps Cess than one (1) inch (25.4 mm) shall only be approved as a permanent part of a listed assembly that has been tested under actual backflow conditions with vacuums of 0 to 25 Inches (635 mm) of mercury,

FIGURE 13.32 ■ Minimum airgaps for water distribution. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


Minimum Required Air Chamber Dimenelone

 

Nominal Length Row Velocity Required Air Chamber Pipe ol Pressure in Ft Vol. In Phys. Size

Diameter Pipe (ft.)

P. S.I. G.

Per. Sec.

Cubic Inch

in Inches

1/2‘ (15 mm)

25

30

10

8

3/4’x 15’

1/2" (15 mm)

100

60

10

60

1" x 69.5’

3/4′ (20 mm)

50

60

5

13

1" x 5"

3/4’ (20 mm)

200

30

10

108

1.25’x 72.5’

Г (25 mm)

100

60

5

19

1.25’x 12.7*

Г (25 mm)

50

30

10

40

1.25’x 27’

1-1/4’(32 mm) 50

60

10

110

1.25’x 54’

1-1/2’(40 mm) 200

30

5

90

2" x 27’

1 -1/2′ (40 mm)

50

60

10

170

2’x 50.5’

2’ (50 mm)

100

30

10

329

3* x 44.5’

2’ (50 mm)

25

60

10

150

2.5’x 31’

2’ (50 mm)

200

60

5

300

3" x 40.5"

FIGURE 13.33 ■ Minimum required air chamber dimensions. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

STACK SIZES FOR BEDPAN STEAMERS AND BOILING-TYPE STERILIZERS (Number of Connections of Various Sizes Permitted to Various-sized Sterilizer Vent Stacks)

STACK SIZE (Inchflft)

CONNECTION SIZE

1 V

2"

l’/2a

1

or

0

2a

2

or

1

2b

1

and

1

3a

4

or

2

3b

2

and

2

4a

8

or

4

4b

4

and

4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Total of each size.

b. Combination of sizes.

FIGURE 13.34 ■ Stack sizes for bedpan steamers and boiling-type sterilizers. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


SPECIALTY PLUMBING

STACK SIZES FOR PRESSURE STERILIZERS
(Number of Connection* of Varlou* Size* Permitted
to Varlou*-*lz*d Vent Stack*)

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.35 ■ Stack sizes for pressure sterilizers. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

FIGURE 13.36 ■ Minimum flow rates. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


PIPING COLOR CODES

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.37 ■ Location of gray water system. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

GRAY WATER SYSTEMS

FIGURE 13.38 ■ Design criteria of six typical soils. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

Design Criteria of Six Typical Soils

Minimum square meters

Maximum absorption

of Irrigation/leaching

capacity in liters

area per liter of

per square meter of

Type of Soil

estimated graywater

irrigation/leaching area

discharge per day

for a 24-hour period

Coarse sand or gravel

0.005

203.7

Fine sand

0.006

162.9

Sandy loam

0.010

101.8

Sandy clay

0.015

692

Clay with considerable sand or gravel

0.022

44.8

Clay with small amounts of

sand or gravel

0.030

32.6

FIGURE 13.39 ■ Design criteria of six typical soils. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


PIPING COLOR CODES

RAINFALL RATES

 

RATES OF RAINFALL FOR VARIOUS CITIES

Rainfall raics, in inches per hour, are based on в storm of one-hour duration and a 100-year return period. The nun fill rales shown in the appendix are derived from Figure 11061

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.40 ■ Rates of rainfall. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.40 ■ (Continued) Rates of rainfall. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

Подпись: FIGURE ПОвЛ—continued 100-YEAR, 1-HOUR RAINFALL (INCHES) HAWAII
For SI; 1 inch з 25.4 mm.

Source: Nation*! Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington. DC.

FIGURE 13.41 ■ Hawaii figures show a 100-year, one – hour rainfall rate. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.42 ■ Chart of the western United States shows a 100-year, one-hour rainfall rate. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.43 ■ Alaska’s 100-year, one-hour rainfall rate (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.44 ■ 100-year, one-hour rainfall rate for the eastern United States. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.45 ■ 100-year, one-hour rainfall rate for the central United States. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

Подпись: 284 ■ PLUMBER'S AND PIPE FITTER'S CALCULATIONS MANUAL

1

z

>

 

SIZE OF VERTICAL CONDUCTORS AND LEADERS

DIAMETER OF LEADER ОпсЬмУ*

HORIZONTALLY PROJECTED ROOF AREA (square (Mt)

Rainfall rat* (inch** par tour)

1

2

3

4

5

8

7

8

9

10

11

12

2

2.880

1,440

960

720

575

480

410

360

320

290

260

240

3

8,800

4,400

2,930

2,200

1,760

1,470

1,260

1,100

980

880

800

730

4

18,400

9,200

6,130

4,600

3,680

3,070

2,630

2,300

2,045

1,840

1,675

1,530

5

34,600

17,300

11,530

8,650

6,920

5,765

4,945

4,325

3,845

> 3.460

3,145

2,880

6

54,000

27,000

17,995

13,500

10,800

9,000

7,715

6,750

6,000

5,400

4,910

4,500

8

116,000

58,000

38,660

29,000

23,200

19,315

16,570

14,500

12,890

11,600

10,545

9,660

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot – 0.0929 m2.

a. Sizes indicated are the diameter of circular piping. This table is applicable to piping of other shapes provided the cross – sectional shape fully encloses a circle of the diameter indicated in this table.

 

8QE OF

HOCUZOKTALLY PROJECTED ROOF AREA (*qu*#• fMt)

HORIZONTAL

ЯаілМІ rata (Inch— par hour)

flnehaa)

1

*

*

«

»

Г

f% unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (1-percent slope)

3

3.288

1.644

1,096

822

657

548

4

7.520

3,760

2,506

1,800

1.504

1.253

5

13,360

6,680

4,453

3,340

2,672

2,227

6

21,400

10,700

7,133

5.350

4.280

3,566

8

46,000

23,000

15,330

11,500

9.200

7,600

30

82,800

41,400

27.600

20,700

16.580

13,800

12

133,200

66,600

44,400

33,300

26,650

22,200

15

218,000

109.000

72,800

59,500

47,600

39,650

/4 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2

percent slope)

3

4.640

2.320

1,546

1,160

928

773

4

10,600

5,300

3,533

2,650

2,120

1,766

5

18,880

9,440

6,293

4,720

3,776

3,146

6

30,200

15,100

10,066

7,550

6,040

5,033

8

65,200

32,600

21,733

16,300

13,MO

10,866

10

116,800

58,400

38.950

29,200

23,350

19,450

12

188,000

94,000

62,600

47,000

37,600

31,350

15

336,000

168.000

112,000

84,000

67,250

56,000

/2 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (4-percent slope)

3

6.576

3.288

2,295

1,644

1,310

1,096

4

15,040

7.520

5.010

3,760

3,010

2,500

5

26,720

13.360

8,900

6,680

5,320

4.450

6

42,800

21,400

13,700

10,700

8,580

7,140

*

92,000

46,000

30,650

23,000

18,400

15,320

10

171,600

85,800

55,200

41,400

33,150

27.600

12

266.400

133,200

88.800

66,600

53,200

44.400

15

476.000

238,000

158,800

119,000

95,300

79.250

For Si: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, I square foot *» 0.0929 m2,

Подпись: PLUMBING CODE CONSIDERATIONS ■ 285FIGURE 13.47 ■ Size of horizontal storm drainage piping. [Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


Sizing Of Horizontal Rainwater Piping

 

Size of

Flow at

Maximum Allowable Horizontal Proluttd Root Ann

РІР»,

imVTL Slope,

Square Feet at Various Rainfall Rates

tnchee

flpm

1"Лг

2"/hr

3Vhr

4‘/h r

5-/hr

B-ffir

3

34

3288

1644

1096

022

657

548

4

78

7520

3760

2506

1880

1504

1253

5

139

13,360

6660

4453

3340

2672

2227

6

222

21,400

10.700

7133

5350

4280

3568

6

470

46,000

23,000

15,330

11.500

9200

7670

10

860

62.800

41,400

27,600

20,700

16.560

13.B00

12

1384

133,200

66.800

44,400

33.300

26,650

22 200

15

2473

238,000

119,000

79,333

59.500

47.600

39,650

9lze of

Flow at

Maximum Allowable Horizontal Protected Root Araaa

Pip*.

1/47П. Slope,

Square Feet at Various Rainfall Rates

«— * – menu

gpm

1Vhr

2*/hr

3“/hr

4Vhr

5*mr

67hf

3

48

4640

2320

1546

1160

928

773

4

110

10,600

5Э00

3533

2650

2120

t766

5

196

18,880

9440

6293

4720

3776

3146

в

314

30,200

15,100

10,066

7550

6040

5033

8

677

65,200

32,600

21,733

18.300

13.040

10.866

10

1214

116,800

56,400

38,950

29,200

23,350

19,450

12

1953

188,000

94,000

62,600

47.000

37,600

31.360

15

3491

336 000

168.000

112,000

84,000

87.250

56.000

Size of

Flow at

Maximum Allowable Horizontal Projected Roof Areas

P»P*

V2-/TL Slope,

Square Feat at Varioue Rain tall Rataa

Inchee

flpm

IVhr

2"/hr

3Vhr

4"/hr

57hr

•Vhr

3

68

6576

3288

2192

1844

1310

1096

4

156

15,040

7520

5010

3760

3010

2500

5

278

26,720

13,380

8900

8680

5320

4450

e

446

42,800

21,400

14,267

10.700

8560

7140

8

956

92,000

46,000

30,650

23,000

1B.400

15,320

10

1721

165,600

82,800

55.200

41,400

33.150

27.600

12

2766

266,400

133,200

68,800

66,600

53,200

44,400

16

4946

476,000

238,000

158,700

119,000

95,200

79,300

 

1, The аігіпд data for horizontal piping la baaed on the pip*» flowing full.

2, For ralnfal rat#* otter than thoe# listed, determine (he allowable roof area by dividing the area giver in the 1 Inch/hour (25 mm/hour) column by the desired ralnfal rate

 

FIGURE 13.48 ■ Sizing of horizontal rainwater piping. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

 

PIPING COLOR CODES

FIGURE 13.49 ■ Size of gutters. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)

Подпись: 288 ■ PLUMBER'S AND PIPE FITTER'S CALCULATIONS MANUAL

SIZE OF SEMICIRCULAR ROOF GUTTERS

DIAMETER

OF GUTTERS (Inch**}

HORIZONTALLY PROJECTED ROOF AREA (tqwi f**t)

RAWFALL RATE (Inch** p*r hour}

1

»

*

*

6 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (0.5-percenl slope)

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

680

1.440

2.5O0

3.840

5.520

7.960

14.400

340

720

1,250

1,920

2.760

3.980

7,200

226

480

834

1,280

1,840

2,655

4.800

170

360

625

960

1,380

1,990

3,600

136

288

5O0

768

1.100

1.590

2.880

113

240

416

640

918

1.325

2.400

/g unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (1 – percent slope)

3

960

480

320

240

192

160

4

2.040

1,020

681

510

408

340

5

3.520

1,760

1,172

880

704

587

6

5.440

2.720

1,815

1.360

1.085

905

7

7,800

3,900

2,600

1,950

1,560

1,300

S

11.200

5,600

3,740

2,800

2.240

1,870

10

20.400

10,200

6,800

5,100

4,080

3,400

U unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2-percent slope)

3

1.360

680

454

340

272

226

4

2.880

1,440

960

720

576

480

5

5.000

2,500

1,668

1,250

1,000

834

6

7.680

3,840

2,560

1,920

3.536

1.280

7

11,040

5,520

3,860

2,760

2,205

1,840

8

15.920

7,960

5,310

3,980

3.180

2.655

10

28,800

14.400

9,600

7,200

5,750

4,800

/2 unit vertical in 1

units horizontal (4-percent slope)

3

1,920

960

640

480

384

320

4

4,080

2,040

1,360

1,020

816

680

5

7,080

3,340

2.360

1,770

1.415

1,180

6

11.080

5.540

3.695

2,770

2.220

1,850

7

15.600

7,800

5,200

3,900

3,120

2,600

8

22,400

11,200

7,460

5,600

4,480

3,730

10

40,000

20,000

13,330

10,000

8,000

6,560

For St: 1 inch = 25.4 пип. I squire fool * 0.0929 m2.

 

FIGURE 13.50 ■ Size of semicircular roof gutters. (Courtesy of International Code Council, Inc. and the International Plumbing Code 2000)


Inches

(mm)

Inches

(mm)

Flat

(Flat)

3

(76)

2

(51)

4

(102)

4

(102)

5

(127s)

6

(152)

6

(152)

Controlled Flow Maximum Roof Water Depth Roof Rise,* Max Water Depth at Drain,

Подпись: ’Vertical measurement from the roof surface at the drain to the highest point of the roof surface served by the drain, ignoring any local depression immediately adjacent to the drain.

FIGURE 13.51 ■ Controlled flow maximum roof water depth. (Courtesy of international Code Council, Inc. and the international Plumbing Code 2000)

The visual graphics here should serve you well in your career. Knowing and understanding your local code is very important, so spend time with your codebook to gain a complete understanding of your local codes. Keep in mind that the information in this chapter is based in the International Code. If you work with the Uniform code, you may discover some differences be­tween local requirements and those shown here.

This page intentionally left blank.

PLASTIC PIPE FOR DRAINS & VENTS

Plastic pipe for drains and vents is very common in modern plumbing. Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic Pipe (PVC) is probably used more often than any other type of drainage or vent pipe (Fig. 11.26). This type of pipe is strong and resistive to a variety of acids and bases. PVC pipe can be used with wa­ter, gas, and drainage systems, but it is not rated for use with hot water. I’ve found this type of pipe to be sensitive to dirt and water when joints are being

Подпись: Drawn (hard copper) (feet) Annealed (soft copper) (feet) Type К Tube Straight Lengths: Straight Lengths: Up to 8-in. diameter 20 Up to 8-in. diameter 20 10-in. diameter 18 10-in. diameter 18 112-in. diameter 12 12-in. diameter 12 Coils: Up to 1-in. diameter 60 lVi-in. diameter 60 100 2-in. diameter 40 45 Type L Tube Straight Lengths: Straight Lengths: Up to 10-in. diameter 20 Up to 10-in. diameter 20 12-in. diameter 18 12-in. diameter 18 Coils: Up to 1-in. diameter 60 100 lVi- and 1 Win. diameter 60 100 2-in. diameter 40 45 DWV Tube Straight Lengths: Not available All diameters 20 Type M Tube Straight Lengths: Not available All diameters 20

FIGURE 11.22 ■ Available lengths of copper plumbing tube. [Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

Подпись: Hard copper is also known as drawn copper, while soft copper tubing is known as annealed copper.

FIGURE 11.23 ■ Tech tips.

made. The areas being joined should be dry, clean, and primed prior to sol­vent welding. Also, PVC becomes brittle in cold weather and should not be dropped on hard surfaces.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe is the drainage pipe of pref­erence for me. However, I do use more PVC than ABS at this point in my

Подпись: Size (inches) Service weight per linear foot (pounds) Extra heavy size (inches) Per linear foot (pounds) 2 4 2 5 3 6 3 9 4 9 4 12 5 12 5 15 6 15 6 19 7 20 8 30 8 25 10 43 12 54 15 75

FIGURE 11.24 ■ Weight of cast-iron soil and pipe. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

Подпись:career. When plastic drainage and vent piping became popular, I cut my teeth on ABS pipe. But, PVC pipe is less expensive in most regions and enjoys a less-destruc­tive rating in the case of fires, so most of the industry, that I know of, has moved to PVC. I like ABS because of its durability and its ease of working with. This pipe is so strong that I’ve seen loaded dump trucks run over a section of ABS on a proj­ect and never crush the pipe!

SOME FACTS ABOUT COPPER PIPE AND TUBING

Would you like some facts about copper pipe and tubing? Well, you’re in the right place. Let’s go over some data that could serve you well in your plumb­ing endeavors. Figure 11.20 will show you some size data for copper tubing. Are you interested in size details for copper that is used for drain, waste, and vent (DWV) applications? Refer to Figure 11.21 for this information.

Подпись:SOME FACTS ABOUT COPPER PIPE AND TUBINGПодпись:

SOME FACTS ABOUT COPPER PIPE AND TUBING

Copper is rated in terms of types. For example, Type K copper has a thick wall and is considered a stronger material than Type L or Type M copper. This type of tubing isn’t used often in residential work, but it is sometimes used for water services when the copper is supplied in its soft form. Soft copper comes in a roll and allows underground piping, such as that for a water service, to be installed without joints. Type L copper is fre­quently used for water distribution pipes in homes and can be used in its soft form for water services. A softer type of copper is known as Type M copper. This copper tubing is used mostly for hot-water-base­board heating systems. it is available only in rigid lengths and is not available in a rolled coil. Many plumbing codes prohibit its use for water distribution systems. Figure 11.22 will show you how different types of copper are available for purchase.

Nominal pipe size (inches)

Outside diameter (inches)

Inside diameter (inches)

Type К

V*

0.375

0.305

%

0.500

0.402

Vi

0.625

0.527

%

0.750

0.652

%

0.875

0.745

1

1.125

0.995

VA

1.375

1.245

l’/i

1.625

1.481

2

2.125

1.959

2Vi

2.625

2.435

3

3.125

2.907

3Va

3.625

3.385

4

4.125

3.857

5

5.125

4.805

6

6.125

5.741

8

8.125

7.583

10

10.125

9.449

12

12.125

11.315

Type L

‘/4

0.375

0.315

%

0.500

0.430

Vz

0.625

0.545

%

0.750

0.666

%

0.875

0.785

1

1.125

1.025

VA

1.375

1.265

v/i

1.625

1.505

2

2.125

1.985

2 Vi

2.625

2.465

3

3.125

2.945

3Vi

3.625

3.425

4

4.125

3.905

5

5.125

4.875

6

6.125

5.845

8

8.125

7.725

10

10.125

9.625

12

12.125

11.565

FIGURE 11.20 ■ Copper tube – water distribution. [Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)

CAST IRON

Подпись: ✓ fast code fact Don’t use 50-50 solder for potable water piping. Most codes require lead-free solder or, at the most, a 95-5 solder for potable water piping. Solder with a 50-50 rating is normally used only for heating pipes at this stage of life.

Подпись: FIGURE 11.21 ■ Copper tube - DWV. (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill)
SOME FACTS ABOUT COPPER PIPE AND TUBING

Cast-iron pipe comes in three basic types.

One is known as service-weight pipe and another is called extra-heavy cast iron.

These types of pipe may be purchased with either one or two hubs. A third type of cast-iron pipe is called no-hub pipe.

This type has no hub on either end; it is coupled with mechanical joints (Fig.

11.24 & 11.25). Cast iron is still in use and provides years of dependable service.

PIPE CAPACITIES

Have you ever wondered what the capacity of a pipe was? You could do some heavy math to figure out the answer to your question, or you can look at Fig­ure 11.16 for quick solutions to your questions.

WHAT IS THE DISCHARGE OF A GIVEN PIPE SIZE UNDER PRESSURE?

What is the discharge of a given pipe size under pressure? The pressure and flow are both factors to consider. If you assume that you are dealing with a straight pipe that has no bends or valves, I can give you a reference chart to use for answers to your question. Further assume that there will be open flow, with no backpressure, through a pipe with a smoothness rating of C = 100. Refer to Figures 11.17, 11.18, and 11.19 for quick-reference charts.

PIPE CAPACITIES

FIGURE 11.17 ■ Discharge of pipes in gallons per minute.

PIPE CAPACITIES

FIGURE 11.18 ■ Discharge of pipes in gallons per minute

HOW MANY TURNS?

How many turns does it take to operate a double-disk valve? it depends on the size of the valve. Refer to Figure 11.14 for the answers to how many turns

HOW MANY TURNS?

FIGURE 11.14 ■ The number of turns required to operate a double-disk valve.

HOW MANY TURNS?

FIGURE 11.15 ■ Number of turns required to operate a metal – seated sewerage valve.

HOW MANY TURNS?

it takes to operate a valve. If you want to know how many turns it takes to op­erate a metal-seated sewerage valve, look at Figure 11.15.